The Attic particle μήν

The paper examines the various usages of the Attic particle μήν and proposes a unified analysis of its main function. I argue that the prevalent analysis of Wakker (1997) needs some important reconsideration when instances of μήν in Platonic dialogue are concerned. First, the particle can target not only the propositional content of a discourse act, but also its illocution (felicity conditions). Second, I propose ‘countering expectations or assumptions of the addressee’ as the basic value of the particle. Functions in terms of commitment are better seen as secondary side effects. Third, I argue that differences in the origin of the countered assumptions or expectations are a natural basis for distinguishing between attitudinal μήν (extra-linguistic context and/or previous words of the addressee) and discourse connective μήν (previous words of the same speaker). It follows from my analysis that strict categorical boundaries between these usages are not to be expected.

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The relation of vowel letters to phonological syllables in English and German

Written Language & Literacy ◽

10.1075/wll.7.2.05nee ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 205-234

Author(s):

Martin Neef

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Main Function ◽

Writing System ◽

Writing Systems ◽

Phonological Representations ◽

Language System ◽

English I

Assuming that a writing system is inevitably dependent on a language system, the main function of written representations is to give access to the basic representations of the language system. In this paper, I want to deal with graphematic phenomena, i.e. the relations of written representations to corresponding phonological representations. In particular, I will delve into the relation of written representations to the phonological factor of the number of syllables, based on data from English and German. Though in these languages, there is neither a specific written element relating to the syllable number nor an isomorphic relation between vowel letters and the number of syllables, two questions are worth examining: Can a word have more syllables than vowel letters? Can a word have less syllables than uninterrupted sequences of vowel letters? The first question will be answered positively for both languages although there are some severe differences to be stated; the second question will be answered positively only for English. I will show that these results are side-effects of more basic regularities of the writing systems under consideration.

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“You’re absolutely right!!”

Languages in Contrast ◽

10.1075/lic.10.2.05car ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 194-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marta Carretero

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Written Language ◽

Propositional Content ◽

Main Function ◽

Maximal Strength ◽

Linguistic Data ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Semantic Difference ◽

Verbal Group ◽

Discourse Functions

The English degree adverb absolutely and its Spanish equivalent absolutamente may function as modifiers of words of different kinds, as Adjuncts and as (parts of) minor clauses. This article sets forth a quantitative analysis, based on naturally-occurring linguistic data, of the distribution of these functions for both adverbs. Apart from distributional differences between the two adverbs and between their occurrences in spoken and written language, the results show that when they are modifiers of words or Verbal Group-oriented Adjuncts, their main function is to qualify (part of) the propositional content of the utterance; however, when they are clausal Adjuncts or (parts of) minor clauses, they are often geared to the performance of discourse functions such as contrast, concession or agreement. These functions are shared with some adverbs of certainty such as ‘certainly’ or ‘definitely’, which suggests that the semantic difference between degree and certainty tends to be blurred when adverbs of maximal strength of both types are used for performing discourse functions that enhance assertiveness.

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PS1-18: Development and Characterization of a Cohort for Determining Long Term Secondary Side Effects Due to Radiation Treatment for Prostate Cancer Using an Electronic Health Record

Clinical Medicine & Research ◽

10.3121/cmr.2012.1100.ps1-18 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 149-149

Author(s):

D. Cross ◽

W. Foth ◽

A. Neumann ◽

C. McCarty ◽

M. Ritter

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Side Effects ◽

Electronic Health Record ◽

Radiation Treatment ◽

Health Record ◽

Electronic Health ◽

Secondary Side

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Reversibly-regulated drug release using poly(tannic acid) fabricated nanocarriers for reduced secondary side effects in tumor therapy

Nanoscale Horizons ◽

10.1039/d0nh00032a ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 986-998

Author(s):

Chao Chen ◽

Tonghao Ma ◽

Wen Tang ◽

Xiaoli Wang ◽

Yibing Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Drug Release ◽

Mesoporous Silica ◽

Silica Nanoparticles ◽

Tannic Acid ◽

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles ◽

Tumor Therapy ◽

Ph Responsive ◽

Normal Tissues ◽

Secondary Side

This article introduced a reversibly pH-responsive and targeting nanocarrier based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles which could be utilized to reduce the “secondary” side effects on normal tissues.

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Topical decongestants in otorhinolaryngologist practice

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2020-21-84-89 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 84-89

Author(s):

A. A. Krivopalov ◽

P. A. Shamkina

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Treatment Guidelines ◽

Nasal Congestion ◽

Chronic Otitis Media ◽

Main Function ◽

Strict Adherence ◽

Chronic Rhinitis ◽

Sympathomimetic Drugs ◽

New Development

The problem of long-term and uncontrolled use of decongestants remains one of the most relevant problems of modern otorhinolaryngology. To date vasoconstrictors are the most actively used drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic rhinitis, as well as other diseases accompanied by nasal congestion. Most of the topical decongestants are selective α2-adrenergic agonists that act on postsynaptic α2-adrenergic receptors, which perform the main function in the implementation of sympathetic stimuli in the nasal cavity. Sympathomimetic drugs in addition to the main vasoconstrictor effect also have their own anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Topical decongestants are included in the treatment guidelines for acute and chronic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, acute and chronic otitis media, eustachitis. The recommended duration of decongestants is usually limited to 5–7 days. Longer use of this drug class can lead to paresis of the nasal mucosa vessels or an allergic reaction, to the development of rhinitis medicamentosa. Side effects that occur with the use of topical decongestants are divided into 2 groups: local symptoms and general toxic reactions. However, with strict adherence to the recommended dosing regimen of topical decongestants, to the method of use and to the duration of use, undesirable side effects are rare. The group of vasoconstrictor drugs received a new development as a result of the combination of decongestants with other drugs, which lead to the reducing local side effects and the elimination of not only nasal congestion, but also other symptoms of the common cold.

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Gastric Ulcers Produced by Cisplatin

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100099337 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 582-583

Author(s):

S.K. Aggarwal ◽

J. San Antonio

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Single Dose ◽

Side Effects ◽

Antitumor Agent ◽

Gastric Ulcers ◽

Enzyme Cytochemistry ◽

Intestinal Toxicity ◽

Ovarian Cancers ◽

Inner Surface

Cisplatin (cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)) a potent antitumor agent is now available for the treatment of testicular and ovarian cancers. It is however, not free from its serious side effects including nephrotoxicity, gastro intestinal toxicity, myelosuppression, and ototoxicity. Here we now report that the drug produces peculiar bloating of the stomach in rats and induces acute ulceration.Wistar-derived rats weighing 200-250 g were administered cisplatin(9 mg/kg) ip as a single dose in 0.15 M NaCl. After 3 days the animals were sacrificed by decapitation. The stomachs were removed, the contents analyzed for pepsin and acidity. The inner surface was examined with a dissecting microscope after a moderate stretching for ulcers. Affected areas were fixed and processed for routine electron microscopy and enzyme cytochemistry.The drug treated animals kept on food and water consistently showed bloating and lesions (Fig. 1) with a frequency of 6-70 ulcers in the rumen section of the stomachs.

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Effects of cisplatin treatment on the rat neurohypophysis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100142256 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 122-123

Author(s):

J.M. Fadool ◽

P.J. Boyer ◽

S.K. Aggarwal

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Urine Output ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Antineoplastic Drugs

Cisplatin (CDDP) is currently one of the most valuable antineoplastic drugs available. However, it has severe toxic side effects of which nephrotoxicity is the major dose limiting factor in its use. It induces morphological changes in the kidney with hampered urine output. The present study is an effort to determine the influence of the drug on the neurohypophysis for any antidiuretic effects on the kidney.

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Severe Drooling and Treatment With Botulinum Toxin

Perspectives on Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) ◽

10.1044/sasd21.1.15 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 15-21

Author(s):

Merete Bakke ◽

Allan Bardow ◽

Eigild Møller

Keyword(s):

Botulinum Toxin ◽

Side Effects ◽

Health Risk ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Clinical Evidence ◽

Acetylcholine Release ◽

Psychosocial Problems ◽

Rate Reduction ◽

Local Inhibition ◽

Surgical Treatments

Severe drooling is associated with discomfort and psychosocial problems and may constitute a health risk. A variety of different surgical and non-surgical treatments have been used to diminish drooling, some of them with little or uncertain effect and others more effective but irreversible or with side effects. Based on clinical evidence, injection with botulinum toxin (BTX) into the parotid and submandibular glands is a useful treatment option, because it is local, reversible, and with few side effects, although it has to be repeated. The mechanism of BTX is a local inhibition of acetylcholine release, which diminishes receptor-coupled secretion and results in a flow rate reduction of 25–50% for 2–7 months.

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