Silver Phalerae with a Depiction of Bellerophon and the Chimaira from a Sarmatian Burial in Volodarka (Western Kazakhkstan). A Reappraisal of the Question of the So-Called Graeco-Bactrian Style in Hellenistic Toreutics

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Yu. Treister
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lower Volga ◽  
Western Kazakhstan ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Probable Origin ◽  
The Given

Abstract This article aims to publish unique specimens of Hellenistic toreutics – a pair of silver phalerae decorated with gilding and forming part of an horses’ harness, which was found during excavation of the Volodarka-I Burial-ground on the west bank of the River Ural in western Kazakhstan in 1981. A detailed analysis is provided of the subject depicted on the phalerae – fighting between Bellerophon seated on the winged horse Pegasos and the monster Chimaira, of the iconography of the figures, of the details and decorative elements of the depictions and the techniques used. The phalerae from Volodarka are compared with other phalerae, similar with regard to their construction and the composition of the depictions, which were found in the lower reaches of the Volga (Novouzensk), on the bank of the River Ishim and on the east bank of the Irtysh (Sidorovka), and also with phalerae of unknown origin bearing depictions of elephants from the Hermitage collection. In this connection a detailed discussion on the question of the “Graeco-Bactrian style” in toreutics and the possibility of classifying of examples of Hellenistic artwork in silver follows. The author draws the conclusion that the given phalerae cannot be regarded as examples of one particular style of Hellenistic toreutics, as certain scholars would have us believe. The analysis we have carried out shows that a subject widespread in the Classical art of the 5th-4th centuries BC was taken as the basis of the composition for the Volodarka phalerae, albeit with minor innovations typical for the art of the Hellenistic era. Certain difficulties arise when it comes to determining their centre of production: these make it impossible to classify them unequivocally as examples of Graeco-Bactrian or Parthian toreutics. Observations regarding the style, dimensions and weight of the phalerae would appear rather to point to the first option. The fact that we possess documentary confirmation (Khorezmian inscriptions and a Parthian one on vessels from Isakovka) of the probable origin of at least some silver vessels found in Isakovka as being from Parthia and Khorezm, does not, however, give us grounds for ruling out the other option. The probable historical context (the movement of nomadic tribes in Central Asia, the fall of Graeco-Bactria, incursions into Parthia by nomads) does not contradict observations made during analysis of the phalerae and makes it possible to define the third quarter of the 2nd century BC as the terminus ante quem for the manufacture of the Volodarka phalerae, some of the most striking examples of Eastern toreutics from the Hellinistic period. The phalerae, found in a warrior’s burial at Volodarka, were most likely acquired by their owner as war booty between 145 and 120 BC. There is every reason to link the appearance of the silver phalerae and of silverware found in nomads’ burials across an enormous arc between the interfluve of the Lower Volga and the River Ural in the West and the east bank of the Irtysh in the East with the above mentioned historical events.

scholarly journals The belt buckles of the early Sarmatian period of Turgay

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
Abay Meiramovich Seitov
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
The West ◽  
Lower Volga Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Lower Volga ◽  
Military Activity ◽  
The Military ◽  
North Western ◽  
Vast Territory

The paper is devoted to belt buckles of the early Sarmatian period of the Turgay steppes. Turgay deflection is a vast territory located in the north-western part of Kazakhstan. In the north, Turgay deflection turns into the west Siberian lowland, and in the south it turns into the Turan lowland. In the west, the bend touches the Trans-Ural plateau, while in the east - the Kazakh hills. Three buckles originating from burial № 5A of mound 1 of the Karatomar burial ground and mound 1 of the Kenysh 3 mound group are analyzed. The paper deals with the cultural and chronological position of Turgay belt buckles in the context of the distribution of such products of the belt headset on the territory of Eurasia. The problem of the origin and chronology of these items is also touched upon. Buckles similar to the Karatomar one have so far been found only on the territory from Central Asia and Kazakhstan to the Lower Volga region. Kenysh buckle finds an analogy from the Volga-Don interfluves to the north of China. In General, types of buckles, similar to Turgay, existed in the II-I centuries BC. The studied buckles should be considered in the context of the general fashion for wearing a belt headset made of metal, bone and stone, associated with the military activity of the Huns.

Web-Based Teaching

2000 ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Dushyanthi Hoole ◽  
S. Ratnajeevan H. Hoole
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
The West ◽  
Web Based ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Internet Connections ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Industrialised Countries ◽  
The Web

The use of educational technologies is widely recognised as beneficial (IEEE, 1998; Hoole, 1988). However, cogent arguments have been made by those who have invested much time in the development of courseware for teaching (Hoberg, 1993; Vanderplaats, 1993) that the use of the technology dominates the class so much that the subject being taught tends to get lost. In this milieu, the appearance of the Internet and the Web, and following that, Web-based teaching, offers new opportunities with caution as a caveat. Unlike courseware where an individual instructor sits down and writes programs for his class, the difference with the Web is that demands in terms of infrastructure are heavy. Not only that, while in the West, things such as a networked campus, Internet connections, etc. are taken for granted, in the Third World (defined for the purposes of this article as those countries that are not a part of North America, Europe, Australia and the newly industrialised countries of Asia such as Singapore, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan), these facilities are rare. Simply asking for all the relevant infrastructure one needs for teaching will often not produce the funds. As a result, Third World instructors wishing to embark on Web-based teaching must create a wide demand based on needs that go beyond simply teaching for these facilities and, thereby try to get what they want. They must also improvise and produce new ways of teaching with the Web. This chapter spells out the attempts by the authors, still experimental, in producing new ways of teaching with the Web and the attempts by which an infrastructure for Web-based teaching was created at the Open University of Sri Lanka.

Thinking Materialistically with Locke, Lonzi, and Cavarero

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-106
Author(s):  
Olivia Guaraldo
Keyword(s):  
John Locke ◽  
The Body ◽  
Musical Piece ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ternary Form ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Adriana Cavarero ◽  
The Given ◽  
Bodily Condition

A “scherzo” is a musical piece which traditionally retains the ternary form of the minuet but is considerably quicker. This is a materialist scherzo, since it treats three different authors that are all significantly concerned with the body. John Locke, Carla Lonzi, and Adriana Cavarero present three different modes of narrating sex: the first implicitly, the second explicitly, the third creatively. Cavarero’s relationality, whilst giving a provocatively creative account of orgasm, attributes to sex a grounding function in rethinking the subject. Yet that there is also a political dimension in this carnal account of orgasm. By exploring the possibilities of the given of our bodily condition—an anatomical destination to pleasure that is always relational—this etude defends relational ethics as providing a different perspective on how to imagine social and political forms of co-existence and non-violence, beyond and apart from the naturalized claim to “fundamental hostility.”

scholarly journals Social and Communication Technologies of Propagandism of the Links among Europe, Germany and Ukraine in Press of the Reichcommissariat “Ukraine” (in the period from 1 September 1941 to 17 July 1942)

2015 ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Alexander Kholod
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technologies ◽  
German Culture ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
The Given ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Three aspects of the problem are studied in this research. The first aspect is the lack of knowledge about a range of European-Ukrainian and German-Ukrainian relations covered by the press controlled by the Reichcommissariat “Ukraine” (hereinafter – RCU) in the period from its foundation up to the beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad. The second aspect is the lack of studies on the identification and description of the specific social and communication technologies of influence through the RCU press on the minds of readers. The third aspect is the inaccuracies detected in previous studies by Ukrainian researchers, in descriptions of methods used in newspapers published under the RCU censorship. To fill these gaps in knowledge, the author has chosen as an object of study the press (newspapers) of the Reichcommissariat “Ukraine” from 1 September 1941 to 17 July 1942. The subject of the study is the range and trends in the Ukrainian-European and Ukrainian-German relations covered by the RCU press in the given period. In the study, the author identified the range and trends in covering the Ukrainian-European and Ukrainian-German relations in the press of the Reichcommissariat “Ukraine” in the period from 1 September 1941 to 17 July 1942. The main results of the study are the differentiations of journalistic materials in the specified period by two criteria. By the first criterion, we identified a range of topics in journalistic materials, both in quantity and quality, in the following two groups: “Ukrainian-European relations” and ” Ukrainian-German relations.” By the second criterion of the analysis (the quantity and quality of the main trends of Ukrainian-European and Ukrainian-German relations covered by the RCU press from the first day of its foundation, 1 September 1941, to the first day of the Battle of Stalingrad, 17 July 1942) four main trends were outlined, namely: 1) insisting of the RCU press on rightness of Germany’s war against the Bolshevism; 2) imposing of the idea of necessity to work aiming at assisting the German soldiers; 3) promotion of the idea of precedence of German culture as a model for the Ukrainians; 4) propagandism of the advantages of the new, German order in Ukraine. The study confirmed the author’s hypothesis that in the period prior to the Battle of Stalingrad, the RCU newspapers employed the social and communication technologies of propaganda to more intensively promote the Ukrainian-German relations than the Ukrainian-European relations.

scholarly journals Między Usznią a Domaniowem. Przesiedleńcy z Kresów Wschodnich osiedleni na Ziemiach Zachodnich

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 129-165
Author(s):  
Natalia Jakubowska
Keyword(s):  
Small Town ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World ◽  
Lower Silesia

Domaniów is a small town in the Oławski region in Lower Silesia. After the Second World War a large group of former residents of Usznia, a small village in the Eastern Borderlands of the Second Polish Republic, settled down in Domaniów. The author presents the accounts of five people who participated in the relocation process. The memories also include the time of their childhood and teenage years. The interviewees described how they remembered their family village, the most significant events from the time of war (German and Russian occupation), the preparation for relocation and the journey to the West – into the unknown. The accounts also show why Domaniów, which was known as Domajewice at that time, was selected as the settlement place, how it looked and what were the relationships with the Germans who still lived there. The author also describes the culture and traditions brought from the East and how they are continued to this day. The memories were set in a historical context based on the subject literature and archival materials.

scholarly journals Iftā’ and Fatwa in the Muslim World and the West

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Saheed Ahmad Rufai
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Summer Institute ◽  
International Institute ◽  
The West ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
Philosophical Orientation ◽  
Analytical Reasoning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intellectual Skills

In his review of Maha Elkaisy-Friemuth’s Gods and Humans in IslamicThought: Abdul-Jabbār, Ibn Sīna and al-Ghazāli (Abingdon: Routledge,2006), Sajjad Rizvi (2008) identifies three paths proposed by three influentialmedieval thinkers as characterizing the interconnected nature of intellectualinquiry in Islam: Abd al-Jabbar (d. 1025), regarded as representing the kalām tradition, Ibn Sina (d. 1037) of the philosophical orientation, and al-Ghazali(d. 1111) of the Sufi tradition. If Rizvi had accurately added the juridical orjurisprudential dimension to Elkaisy-Friemuth’s perspective, his review wouldhave panoramically captured the essence of Islam’s intellectual tradition. Theelegant book under review, Iftā and Fatwa in the Muslim World and the West,edited by Zulfiqar Ali Shah, has taken care of that major omission in whatmay be described as a virtually all-encompassing look at emerging concernsin iftā’ (formulating a fatwa) and fatwa (issuing a fatwa).The book features an introduction by the editor and eight chapters byscholars in the various foci of the subject covered. The introduction situatesthe book’s subject in a historical context and exposes its indebtedness tothe seminar convened during July 2011 by the International Institute of IslamicThought’s (IIIT) Summer Institute for Scholars, which addressed thistopic. The editor attributes the emergence of consensus on the chaotic natureof the contemporary processes of both iftā’ and fatwa to the seminar.He then identifies the intellectual skills required for analytical reasoning,as well as the broad general knowledge of the fields relevant to the culturalcontexts of their verdicts, as the strength that characterized the excellentperformance of scholars in fatwa formulation and issuance from the riseof the Abbasids in 750 to the fall of Andalusia in 1492. Conversely, contemporaryknowledge is fragmented into specializations and sub-specializations,all of which can hardly be mastered by one scholar or group ofscholars. The editor, who engages critically with various issues and concernsinvolved in the contemporary formulation and issuance of fatwa, alsoprovides a brief description of each chapter’s subject. However, the wordal-fiqh al-istidlālī (demonstrative fiqh) is wrongly rendered as fiqh alistighlālī(p. 10) ...

scholarly journals HUMORNA METAFORA U „DEKAMERONU“: NOVELA O ALIBEH I RUSTIKU

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (49) ◽  
pp. 289-302
Author(s):  
Olivera Marković ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Conceptual Integration ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Conceptual Integration Theory ◽  
Textual Strategies ◽  
The Given

The subject of this paper is the „putting devil into hell” humorous metaphor from the tenth novel of the third day in Boccacio’s Decameron. The main methodological basis for the analysis is the conceptual integration theory by Mark Turner and Gilles Fauconnier (1994), as well as proposed supplements to the model (Coulson & Oakley 2005; Hedblom, Kutz, Neuhaus 2015). The author points out that to read Boccacio’s novel in a christian-moralistic manner also means to interpret the given metaphor as a double-scope network. The second possibility is to read the story in the spirit of carnivalesque logic, through understanding the metaphor as a single-scope network. In accordance with Mikhail Bakhtin’s hypothesis that the folk culture of the Middle Ages is embedded into the renaissance culture, the author concludes that Boc- cacio’s metaphor must be interpreted as the metaphor of the latter type, since that this type of reading is in accordance with the textual strategies of the piece.

scholarly journals “Cultural-historical meanings of the Third Rome”

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-127
Author(s):  
Tamara Totazovna Tedeeva
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Artifacts ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
The One ◽  
Semantic Aspect

In theoretical and sociopolitical discourses, the semantic construct “The Third Rome" is often used in denotative meaning of imperial ideology. At the same time, it has multivariate connotation, the disclosure of which in the cultural-historical context on the one hand allows deeper understanding of the semantic aspect of the construct, while on the other – more precisely characterizing the culture of different epochs. The object of this research is the historical process of saturation of the semantic construct “The Third Rome" with meaningful content. The subject of this research is the basic cultural- historical connotations the concept “The Third Rome”. The goal of this work is to establish correlation between the basic connotations of the concept under review and the historical cultures by means of culturological attribution. Alongside the general theoretical philosophical-analytical toolset, the author tests the method of culturological attribution in relation to cultural-historical meanings of the concept “The Third Rome" as intangible cultural artifacts. The novelty of this article consists in elucidation of the historical subjectivity of cultural meanings of the concept “The Third Rome”. Attribution of this concept to several historical cultures allows determining its multiple connotation, which at times are antipodal. The most common interpretation (“The Third Rome” as an empire) is applicable only to certain historical cultures.

The Methodology of Religious Studies in Islamic Thought

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-174
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdallah al-Sharqawi
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
The West ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
The Subject

The reader of the Qur'an is aware of many Qur'anic forms of inter-religious comparison. One of these is reflected in the context of the controversy of the unbelievers, or the deniers of Islamic doctrine, and one in a descriptive historical context. The Qur'an initiated the comparison of religions and revelations, and Islamic culture witnessed broad-scope activity in comparative religious studies. Islamic thought was opened up to the world's religions and made them an established subject of study and research. The intellectuals of Islam introduced numerous scientific methods which were relevant and pertinent to the nature of this subject (religions), deriving their material concerning every religion from reliable original sources. Religious Studies as a discipline has taken religions collectively to be the subject of scientific study through objective methods, having principles, characteristics and rules to which members of this academic community have aspired, and in this, Islamic thought has taken a share both early and distinctive. This article will argue that critical studies of religious texts by Jewish and Christian scholars in the West have reached the same conclusions previously reached by Muslim scholars.

Introduction: Identifying Greece

2020 ◽  
pp. 2-20
Author(s):  
Kevin Featherstone
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The West ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cold War

Identifying ‘Greece’ has often challenged scholars from different disciplines. Modern Greece has been equated with Europe’s south, the Balkans, or the Near East, whilst the weight of its historical inheritance has more generally placed it at the very core of understandings of what constitutes ‘Europe’ or, indeed, the ‘West’. It has been a case to define the divisions of the Cold War and, latterly, the vulnerabilities of the ‘eurozone’. Defining it from within or from without has elicited contestation. So, how might Greece be identified in the present? To introduce the volume, this chapter adopts a broad, comparative perspective. Firstly, it briefly outlines why Greece is of a wider interest to scholars, highlighting aspects of its history where it has appeared of larger significance than its size might normally warrant. Secondly, it proceeds to identify Greece’s development along a set of dimensions that serve to place it within comparative frames, addressing the question, ‘What type of case is Greece?’. To draw these different aspects together, the third section attempts to identify ‘imbalances’ within the Greek system that give it its distinctive character and to sketch how these aspects are, in fact, interlinked. Their complementarities sustain a set of constraints that structure the system’s developmental path. The latter has been of continuing international interest: its capacity to reform and to exit the recent debt crisis has been the subject of much debate. The Conclusion reflects on this comparative perspective for future research on Greece.

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