Géographie Arabe et Géographie Latine au XIIe Siècle

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 408-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Gautier Dalché
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Medieval Latin ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Arab Origin ◽  
Latin Schools ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract The influence of Arab geography upon the Latin tradition in the Middle Ages is difficult to assess due to several factors including the former’s definition, content, and origin, as well as the tangled historiography on the question of its influence. The purpose of this paper is not to provide a comprehensive study of this complex issue but rather to define the terms of the problem and to examine some concrete cases of contact between both geographical cultures during the twelfth century. The author first considers the impact of the introduction of Greek conceptions, transmitted through the Arabic Ṣūrat al-arḍ (The Picture of the Earth), upon medieval Latin cosmography. Special attention is devoted here to the influence of Greco-Arabic knowledge on contemporary Western Latin ideas about the habitability of the remotest parts of the earth. The author then deals with the relationship between both cultures in the field of descriptive geography and cartography. Unexpectedly, these different traditions can be shown to be largely isolated from one another, and the alleged Arab origin of some documents is, in most cases, dubious. The cause of the obvious lack of interest among Western Christians in Arab descriptive geography could lie in the general conditions of the Latin schools of the time, and perhaps also in the fact that Arabic writings and maps emphasize the domination of Islam over lands formerly under Christian rule.

Bastard Feudalism and the Framing of Thirteenth-Century England

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Coss
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Work ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

In the introduction to his great work of 2005, Framing the Early Middle Ages, Chris Wickham urged not only the necessity of carefully framing our studies at the outset but also the importance of closely defining the words and concepts that we employ, the avoidance ‘cultural sollipsism’ wherever possible and the need to pay particular attention to continuities and discontinuities. Chris has, of course, followed these precepts on a vast scale. My aim in this chapter is a modest one. I aim to review the framing of thirteenth-century England in terms of two only of Chris’s themes: the aristocracy and the state—and even then primarily in terms of the relationship between the two. By the thirteenth century I mean a long thirteenth century stretching from the period of the Angevin reforms of the later twelfth century on the one hand to the early to mid-fourteenth on the other; the reasons for taking this span will, I hope, become clearer during the course of the chapter, but few would doubt that it has a validity.

Nationalist historiography and the English and Gaelic worlds in the late middle ages

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (97) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Coverage ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Much more so than in modern times, sharp cultural and social differences distinguished the various peoples inhabiting the British Isles in the later middle ages. Not surprisingly these differences and the interaction between medieval forms of culture and society have attracted considerable attention by historians. By comparison with other fields of research, we know much about the impact of the Westminster government on the various regions of the English polity, about the interaction between highland and lowland Scotland and about the similarities and differences between English and Gaelic Ireland. Yet the historical coverage of these questions has been uneven, and what at first glance might appear obvious and promising lines of inquiry have been largely neglected — for example the relationship between Gaelic Ireland and Gaelic Scotland, or between Wales, the north of England and the lordship of Ireland as borderlands of the English polity. No doubt the nature and extent of the surviving evidence is an important factor in explaining this unevenness, but in fact studies of interaction between different cultures seem to reflect not so much their intrinsic importance for our understanding of different late medieval societies as their perceived significance for the future development of movements culminating in the present.

scholarly journals The Jewish Verfassung, the Israeli nomos: the constitutional situation of the beginnings of the State of Israel in the context of Carl Schmitt's political and legal philosophy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Wojciech Engelking
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Philosophy ◽  
Constitutional Theory ◽  
National Community ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Arab Origin ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Basic Matter

Abstract The paper is an attempt to examine how Carl Schmitt's constitutional theory can be useful to analyse the Constitution of the State of Israel designed in the late 1940s – the impact of which Jacob Taubes once certified. The author analyses three projects created then by Leo Kohn through the prism of Schmitt's concept of Verfassung and Verfassungsgesetz. He also reads in the context of Schmitt's philosophy (from Constitutional Theory and The Nomos of the Earth) the constitutional situation of Israel as a country where, first, the Constitution has not been passed and the basic matter of its legal system is regulated by the Basic Laws; second, citizens of Arab origin are excluded from the national community; and third, the borders of the state remain fluid and change due to the constant partition of the land.

scholarly journals Ekologi Hindu dalam Teks Ādi Parwa

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Ida Bagus Subrahmaniam Saitya
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
Environmental Diversity ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Natural disasters that occur today are closely related to a decrease in environmental quality caused by human actions, the occurrence of disasters, bringing humans to further consequences. Therefore, humans must change their behavior and outlook on nature. To create a harmonious life between humans and their environment in Hinduism, it is called Tri Hita Karana. The Tri Hita Karana concept is a philosophy of life, it has a concept that can preserve<br />cultural and environmental diversity amidst the impact of globalization and industrial progress. Ecology is the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment, both inorganic (abiotic) and organic (biotic) environments. In Hindu ecology there are 3 (three) dragons, namely Anantabhoga, Bāsuki, and Takṣaka. In the story of ipdiparwa, the dragon Anantabhoga was awarded by Bhaṭāra Brahmā for holding the earth. The three dragons are incarnations of the gods because seeing the state of living beings on earth is very miserable, then Lord Śiwa sent Lord Brahma to become the dragon Anantabhoga, Lord Wiṣṇu became the dragon Bāsuki, and Dewa Īśwara became the dragon Takṣaka. Anantabhoga’s dragon was in the ground, the head of the Bāsuki dragon became the sea and its tail became a mountain, while the winged Takṣaka dragon entered the sky. In the text of Śiwāgama it is mentioned that after this earth was created by Bhaṭāra Śiwa and Bhaṭāri Umā, at one time a disaster occurred, plants did not live well, water was not nutritious, and air caused illness. Therefore, Sanghyang Trimūrti came down to the world to help humans. Bhaṭāra Brahmā enters the ground and transforms into Anantabhoga’s dragon, Bhaṭāra Wiṣṇu plunges into the water, transforms into a Bāsuki dragon, and Bhaṭāra Iśwara enters into the air turning into a Takṣaka dragon.</p>

scholarly journals Between Religion and Economics: Towards a Shift of Paradigm in Early Modern Economic Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. p79
Author(s):  
Eleonora Belligni
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Family Economy ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

At the beginning of the early modern age, philosophers, religious and political thinkers writing on economics had to deal with categories that were still based on the religious certainties of the medieval West, and with a paradigm built on Aristotelian dialectic between oikos (the family economy) and chrèmata (wealth). From this frame, articulated and innovative investigations on the contemporary economic world were born in the late Middle Ages of Europe: but up until the late seventeenth century, at least, the Aristotelian paradigm remained a rigid cage for most of the writers. Yet, both the impact of some theoretical work on the relationship between religion and economy, and some significant changing in European scenario started to break this cage. Evidence of a shifting of paradigm could be detected even in Counter-Reformation authors like the Italian Giovanni Botero.

Metrical and Rhythmical Clausulae in Medieval Latin Prose: Some Aspects and Problems

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Orlandi
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Latin Literature ◽  
Medieval Latin ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The Future ◽  
General Preference ◽  
Prose Rhythm

The possibility that quantitative clausulae were sought by authors of the Latin literature of the medieval West offers a new means of entering the debate over ‘continuity or discontinuity’ between late antiquity and the Latin Middle Ages. The principles and aims of calculating prose rhythm, whether quantitative or tonic, have been changed; but much has returned as well. The variation of prosodical structure between the body and the end of a period may well be due to other reasons than the search for rhythm, such as the general preference of a long word to a short one to close a sentence. If the presented preliminary results are confirmed in the future by larger samples, it may be possible to trace in this twelfth-century prose a tendency towards what was to become the system characteristic of the Italian schools of ars dictaminis, namely a division of functions between the cursus tardus, deputed to minor pauses, and the obligatory cursus uelox, used to conclude nearly every sentence.

Algazel Latinus: The Audience of the Summa theoricae philosophiae, 1150–1600

Traditio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 153-215
Author(s):  
Anthony H. Minnema
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Latin translation of al-Ghazali's Maqās˙id al-falāsifa was one of the works through which scholastic authors became familiar with the Arabic tradition of Aristotelian philosophy after its translation in the middle of the twelfth century. However, while historians have examined in great detail the impact of Avicenna and Averroes on the Latin intellectual tradition, the place of this translation of al-Ghazali, known commonly as the Summa theoricae philosophiae, remains unclear. This study enumerates and describes the Latin audience of al-Ghazali by building on Manuel Alonso's research with a new bibliography of the known readers of the Summa theoricae philosophiae. It also treats Latin scholars' perception of the figure of al-Ghazali, or Algazel in Latin, since their understanding in no way resembles the Ash'arite jurist, Sufi mystic, and circumspect philosopher known in the Muslim world. Latin scholars most commonly viewed him only as an uncritical follower of Avicenna and Aristotle, but they also described him in other ways during the Middle Ages. In addition to tracing the rise, decline, and recovery of Algazel and the Summa theoricae philosophiae in Latin Christendom over a period of four centuries, this study examines the development of Algazel's identity as he shifts from a useful Arab to a dangerous heretic in the minds of Latin scholars.

scholarly journals The Impact of Human Resources on the Banking Sector Performance in Syria

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Kenan I. Alsayegh ◽  
Anas M. Z. Al-Haj Hussein ◽  
Ali H. Hatoum
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Private Banks ◽  
Sector Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Comprehensive Study

This research deals with the relationship between some of the general characteristics of human resources in the Syrian banking sector, such as the level of education, training and experience, and the operational financial efficiency of this sector. The data for the human resources is collected from the employees of several private banks in Syria, then testing the relationship with the financial data derived from the annual financial statements published by those banks for year 2019, the same year of data collection. This study is the cornerstone of complementary studies, which is more specialized in the field of human resources and financial performance. The study concluded that there is no effect of the human resources efficiency on financial performance for year 2019, which raises the urgent need of conducting similar research for a range of years and more comprehensive study on the factors that effect financial performance whether in the Syrian market or other markets as a part of behavior analysis on financial market.

scholarly journals Is there a relationship between implicit motives and eating action types: An exploratory study in Germany

2021 ◽  
pp. 146954052110139
Author(s):  
Lyn Lampmann ◽  
Agnes Emberger-Klein ◽  
Klaus Menrad
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Implicit Motives ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Insight Into

Investigating unconscious human behaviours is a complex issue, given that people have hardly access to their unconscious. Food-related behaviour is one of these behaviours in which the unconscious plays a central role. Therefore, the connection of the unconscious and food-related behaviour is difficult to comprehend. Hence, our exploratory study deals with the relationship between implicit motives as an important part of the unconscious and their relationship with food-related behaviour. For this purpose, we used the Operant Multi-Motive Test (OMT), which offers information about implicit motives of individuals. Based on 37 qualitative problem-centred interviews conducted in Bavaria, Germany, we identified seven eating action types that we combined with the results derived from the OMT. These deliver profound insights into how people eat due to their identity. The approach of this study is explorative and provides a first insight into a possible relationship between implicit motives and food-related behaviour that are presented descriptively. Our initial results show that a relationship between implicit motives and food-related behaviour can be assumed, although it cannot be directly deduced from the sole analysis of food-related behaviour. However, nutrition consultancies, food companies, policy makers and advisors may be interested in these insights related to understanding the impact of the unconscious on food-related behaviour.

The Athelstan Gift Story: Its Influence on English Chronicles and Carolingian Romances

PMLA ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-537
Author(s):  
Laura Hibbard Loomis
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Chanson De Roland ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
William Of Malmesbury

To saints and their relics in the Middle Ages great men did great reverence. The mighty Charlemagne zealously collected and distributed relics of Christ and the saints; so, too, did the noble King Athelstan of England, who was, to his own contemporaries, something of “an English Charlemagne.” Certain tales relating to these two famous rulers and the holy relics acquired by them, are full of interest in themselves and in the relationship, at special stages, of the stories to each other. The Continental Carolingian narratives—the Pèlerinage de Charlemagne, the Descriptio qualiter Karolus Magnus clavum et coronam Domini a Constantino poli Aquis Grani detulerit, the Fierabras tell how Charlemagne, either on a fabulous journey to the East, or by warfare in Spain, got a hoard of precious relics which included some from the Crucifixion but never, in the oldest versions of these stories, any part of the Passion Lance. An ancient story, of English origin, tells how Athelstan received, as a gift from France, a hoard which likewise included some Passion relics. Among the gifts was the Passion Lance which was said to have belonged to Charlemagne; there was also the vexillum of St. Mauricius. For the Carolingian stories named above there is no extant text that antedates the latter half of the twelfth century, no conjectured source that antedates the latter half of the eleventh century. The Athelstan Gift Story, as we shall call it, was first set forth in an Anglo-Latin poem eulogizing the English king (d. 939). This panegyric was quoted and summarized by William of Malmesbury (1125) and is now accepted, though it was long ignored, as an authentic tenth century source. It may have been this almost unknown poem which inspired in the Chanson de Roland, in that earliest Anglo-Norman copy known as the Oxford Roland, four concepts connected with Charlemagne's reported possession of a bit of the Passion Lance. Our concern here, however, is not with the ancient Latin poem, but with the version of its Gift Story by William of Malmesbury. To it he gave new life, new currency; its influence can be traced in various chronicles and in certain English Carolingian romances. It throws new light on their development and relationships. Strangely enough, it was in these English Carolingian stories and not in their Continental sources and analogues that the idea that Charlemagne had once possessed the Passion Lance took root and flourished.

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