Advance Health Care Directives: Towards a Coordinated European Policy?

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Andorno ◽  
Susanne Brauer ◽  
Nikola Biller-Andorno

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to compare the different existing approaches to advance health care directives within the European context, and to explore the possibility of reaching a deeper consensus among countries on this subject. To this end, it first discusses the shortcomings of Article 9 of the Council of Europe's Biomedicine Convention. Second, it offers a comparative analysis of the legal status of advance directives in a number of European countries. Finally, it presents the conclusions of an international interdisciplinary workshop focused on this topic that was held in Zurich in June 2008.

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Traisci

Il contributo offre un’analisi comparativa tra i diversi attuali approcci nei confronti delle direttive anticipate di trattamento (DAT) nel contesto europeo, analizzando la possibilità di raggiungere un maggior consenso sulla tematica tra i Paesi della Comunità Europea. Nel contesto dell’attuale dibattito relativo al ruolo, all’efficacia e alla inefficacia delle DAT, l’obiettivo di questo contributo è di presentare una visione complessiva dello stato giuridico attuale delle DAT nell’ambito del contesto europeo e delle singole legislazioni degli Stati europei. Attualmente, la situazione giuridica delle DAT nell’ambito dei singoli Stati europei si presenta assai variegata. A tal proposito, nel contributo si compie una classificazione tra quattro gruppi di Stati: 1. Stati che hanno approvato leggi specifiche, le quali prevedono che le DAT siano obbligatorie prima facie e che potrebbero essere disattese solo per cause di forza maggiore (Gran Bretagna, Austria, Spagna, Ungheria, Belgio, Paesi Bassi, Lussemburgo, Finlandia, Germania); 2. Stati dove normative specifiche sull’argomento sono state adottate negli ultimi anni, ma che hanno attribuito un mero valore consultivo alle DAT (Francia); 3. Paesi dove non esiste ancora una specifica legge in materia, ma dove è in programma di approvarne una nei prossimi anni (Svizzera, Italia); 4. Stati dove non è ancora stata approvata una normativa omogenea sulle DAT e che non hanno in programma di approvarne una in futuro (Norvegia, Portogallo, Grecia, Serbia, Slovacchia, Bulgaria, Lituania, Turchia). ---------- The contribution compares the different existing approaches to advance health care directives within the European context, and explores the possibility of reaching a deeper consensus on this subject among countries. In the context of the current controversy about the role, efficacy, and unefficacy of advance directives of treatment, the aim of this paper is to present an analysis of the legal status of advance directives in the European context and some European countries. At present, the legal status of advance directives in the domestic legislation of European states is very disparate. In this regard, four groups of countries are distinguished in the paper: 1. Countries having passed specific laws to provide that advance directives are prima facie binding, that is, they may be overridden only for compelling reasons (United Kingdom, Austria, Spain, Hungary, Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxemburg, Finland, Germany); 2. Countries where specific laws on the issue have been adopted in recent years, but assigning a merely advisory value to advance directives (France); 3. Countries where there is no specific legislation yet, but which are planning to introduce it in the next few years (Switzerland, Italy); 4. Countries where there is no specific legislation yet and which do not have any concrete plans to introduce it in the coming years (Norway, Portugal, Greece, Serbia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Turkey).


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (34) ◽  
pp. 261-281
Author(s):  
Zyukin Danil Alekseevich ◽  
Alexey Anatolievich Golovin ◽  
Ruslan Yakovlevich Vakulenko ◽  
Olga Vladimirovna Pigoreva ◽  
Elena Nikolaevna Nozdracheva ◽  
...  

The purpose of the research is to analyze of poverty in Russia as the most important social problem of our time. The methodology of the study includes an assessment of the dynamics of socio-economic indicators in Russia in the period 2015-2020, as well as a comparison with European countries. It is shown that the problem of poverty is still one of the most pressing and urgent for modern Russia. Despite the outlined positive dynamics in the poverty level of the country's population in 2018-2019, there was a decline again in 2020, due to the deterioration of the socio-economic situation against the backdrop of the Coronavirus pandemic. As a result, the effectiveness of the earlier measures in the framework of social policy has practically disappeared, and the poverty level has practically reached 13%. The systemic lack of financial support for such critical sectors as education and health care has contributed to a series of cuts in order to save limited resources. A comparative analysis of the main socio-economic indicators in Russia and European countries made it possible to reveal the presence of significant differentiation, since Russia occupies the last positions among the compared countries in terms of basic social indicators.


Author(s):  
Hanna Panfilova ◽  
Anzhela Olkhovska ◽  
Lyubov Boboshko ◽  
Gennadii Iurchenko ◽  
Maksym Bandura ◽  
...  

The aim: to conduct a comparative analysis of the dynamics of health expenditures from GDP, cash expenditures of families and public expenditures on health in Ukraine, Poland and the countries of the WHO European Region. Materials and methods. The object of the research was the data of the WHO European Office. Historical, analytical-comparative, systemic, logical, graphic, mathematical-statistical and other research methods were used. Research results. It was found that all indicators of the analysis in Ukraine had an unstable character of changes in the years dynamics. Since 1995, Poland and European countries have seen a systematic increase in total health spending (%) of the country's GDP. The indicator of out-of-pocket expenses of families on medical and pharmaceutical support in Ukraine was significantly higher than in Poland and European countries, and its average values ​​in Ukraine were 1.5 times higher than in Poland. In 2014, this indicator reached its maximum (46.2 %) against the background of an increase in government spending (%) of total health spending (from 11.9 % to 12.7 %). In 2014, this indicator exceeded similar values ​​in Poland by 2.0 times and 1.7 times in European countries. In contrast, in Poland, the out-of-pocket expenses of families on medical and pharmaceutical support have been steadily decreasing from 30.0 % to 22.1 %, and since 2010 they have been lower than in European countries. According to government spending as a percentage of total health spending in Europe and Poland, there was a trend towards a gradual increase from 11.0 % to 13.2 % (European countries) and from 8.2 % to 10.7 % (Poland). The corresponding Ukrainian data were higher than in Poland and lower than in European countries (from 10.8 % to 11.4 %). Against the background of the unstable nature of the dynamics of changes in indicators characterizing the participation of the state in financing health care in Ukraine, since 2005, there has been an increase in the cash expenditures of Ukrainian families for relevant needs. As a result of systemic transformations in Poland, on the threshold of its accession to the EU (May 1, 2004), since 2005, there has been a decrease in the out-of-pocket expenditures of families against the background of a slight increase in % of public spending on health care. Conclusions. The unstable nature of the dynamics of changes in domestic indicators, in comparison with similar data that was observed in Poland and the countries of the WHO European Region, suggests the need to introduce more decisive actions, which should lead to a reformatting of the role of the state in financing the health system


Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1024
Author(s):  
Szilvia Vetter ◽  
Anita Boros ◽  
László Ózsvári

The criminal legislation regarding zoophilia and the legal status of animals were examined in 15 European countries. With regard to zoophilia, answers to the following questions were sought: are sexual acts performed with animals and the possession and distribution of animal pornography criminally punishable? Several aspects of the legal status of animals were examined including: (1) is the protection of individual animals included in the constitution, (2) do animals have a special status beyond mere objects, (3) can we find specific legislative provisions that explicitly state that animals are not simply things, and (4) does the legal system also take the “dignity” of animals into consideration. The assessment of zoophilia and the legal status of animals resulted in two country rankings, which the authors compared with each other. The correlation was not significant (p = 0.3147). At the same time, countries with differentiated criminal legislation for zoophilia were also 3.62 times more likely to rank higher in terms of the legal status of animals. The Swiss regulations are exceptional in both respects, while at the other end of the list, Italy does not have specific legislative provisions for either aspect.


2021 ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
M. V. PUHACHOVA ◽  
О. М. GLADUN

The introduction of electronic register systems for all spheres of state functioning is becoming more widespread in developed countries. It is the systems, not individual registers, that create the conditions for the comprehensive and effective use of available information in the field of state and local government, research, business planning, and so on. In our opinion, health care registries are the most important among other systems, so it is important to study the experience of the most developed countries in the field of creating electronic medical information resources. The use of the experience gained by advanced European countries in this area is especially useful for Ukraine, where such a system is being developed. The purpose of the article is to summarize the experience of Northern European countries in the use of electronic information resources of health care for its implementation in Ukraine. The novelty of the article is a generalized and comparative analysis of health registry systems in Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Estonia, Sweden, Finland and a study of the role of medical, statistical and scientific institutions in the development of these systems. The research methodology is based on the application of the following methods: system analysis, scientific generalization, comparative analysis, research methods of complex systems. The article examines the health care systems of six northern European countries, compares the composition and features of these systems. The focus is on electronic information resources, which are introduced only in some countries. It is established that the Danish and Norwegian systems are the most branched among the systems of other studied countries and contain not only a larger number of specialized registers, but also have the largest number of organizations that maintain these registers. The holders of registers and databases in different countries are not only the relevant ministries but also research institutes and universities. In addition, statistical authorities also create registers that are used for society’s statistical information needs. The study thus summarizes the experience of creating and operating electronic information resources in the field of health care in Northern European countries, concludes that it can be used in the implementation of a similar Ukrainian, the process of which began several years ago.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document