SELEZIONE, STORIA DI UNA PAROLA E DI UN CONCETTO

Nuncius ◽  
2004 ◽  
pp. 143-170
Author(s):  
PIETRO OMODEO
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Environmental Variations ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Word Selection ◽  
Alternative Solutions

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title From the world of breeders, Darwin drew the term selection, a neologism introduced by Youatt to indicate the choice of the stallion (according to the market demands). He promptly adopted it already in the Sketch and considered its potential significance when applied to the idea that species vary through the generations. Consequently, he suggested that in nature something similar may happen in relation to the struggle for life that originates from environmental variations (and somehow parallels the variations of market demands). Darwin attempted different ways to document how this process takes place in nature, always distinguishing as two phases the struggle of life and the consequent differential mortality and fecundity that characterize the breeders of the successive generation. This conclusion, which is at the very basis of Darwin's evolutionary theory, was presented in alternative solutions to make it acceptable to the most skeptical readers. Alfred Wallace apparently solved the problem of the origin of species more directly, starting from Malthus and his conception that death chooses the weakest. He does not use the word "selection" until reading Darwin's works. However, his conception is that different rates of reproduction and death are the cause of evolutionary changes.

scholarly journals Uncovering two phases of early intercontinental COVID-19 transmission dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Yang ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Shengjie Lai ◽  
Corrine W Ruktanonchai ◽  
Weijia Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Genetic Sequencing ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Two Phases

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has posed an ongoing global crisis, but how the virus spread across the world remains poorly understood. This is of vital importance for informing current and future pandemic response strategies. Methods We performed two independent analyses, travel network-based epidemiological modelling and Bayesian phylogeographic inference, to investigate the intercontinental spread of COVID-19. Results Both approaches revealed two distinct phases of COVID-19 spread by the end of March 2020. In the first phase, COVID-19 largely circulated in China during mid-to-late January 2020 and was interrupted by containment measures in China. In the second and predominant phase extending from late February to mid-March, unrestricted movements between countries outside of China facilitated intercontinental spread, with Europe as a major source. Phylogenetic analyses also revealed that the dominant strains circulating in the USA were introduced from Europe. However, stringent restrictions on international travel across the world since late March have substantially reduced intercontinental transmission. Conclusions Our analyses highlight that heterogeneities in international travel have shaped the spatiotemporal characteristics of the pandemic. Unrestricted travel caused a large number of COVID-19 exportations from Europe to other continents between late February and mid-March, which facilitated the COVID-19 pandemic. Targeted restrictions on international travel from countries with widespread community transmission, together with improved capacity in testing, genetic sequencing and contact tracing, can inform timely strategies for mitigating and containing ongoing and future waves of COVID-19 pandemic.

Nanocomposites: Retrospecr and Prospect

1992 ◽  
Vol 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rustum Roy
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Nanocomposite Materials ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Infinite Class ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Nanometer Size Range

ABSTRACTIn this paper we make clear distinctions from the terms nanophase, nanocrystalline and deal only with nanocomposites defined as an interacting mixture of two phases, one of which is in the nanometer size range in at least one dimension. The author's origins of development of the idea that nanocomposites are a virtually infinite class of new materials are described.Then we refer to the results of our extensive studies of nanocomposites derived by solution-solgel techniques to illustrate the properties of such materials in the area of chemical and thermal reactivity.Finally it is pointed out that in the last few years nanocomposite materials have become a major part of new materials synthesis all over the world for applications ranging from mechanical to optical, to magnetic to dielectric.

Coin Circulation in the Balkans in Late Antiquity

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. GUEST
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Notable Feature ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Early Byzantine

The archaeological excavations carried out on late Roman and early Byzantine sites in the Balkans has revolutionized our knowledge of this part of the world in Late Antiquity. How these sites are dated is obviously important as, without accurate and reliable dating, it is difficult to understand how they fit into the wider historical narrative. This chapter takes the coins excavated at Dichin as its starting point and, by careful analysis, proposes a general dating scheme for the two phases of occupation at the settlement. The lack of coins struck during the years 474–518 is a notable feature of the assemblage from Dichin, a pattern that is repeated at most sites in the region where coins of the emperor Zeno are particularly rare. By looking at both site finds and hoards from the region, however, these explanations need to be revised as they are based on a numismatic mirage rather than archaeological fact.

From Observation to Theory

2018 ◽  
pp. 154-181
Author(s):  
Alister E. McGrath
Keyword(s):  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Existence Of God ◽  
The World ◽  
Intellectual Journey

How do we move from observing the world to developing more complex and sophisticated ways of representing and understanding it? This chapter examines the intellectual journey from observing our world to representing it in theory, focussing on three distinct processes that are widely believed to be important in this process—deduction, induction, and abduction. Each of these rational strategies is used in theological or philosophical arguments relating to the existence of God. In each case, careful consideration is given to its application both in the natural sciences and in Christian theology. Particular attention is given to the American philosopher Charles S. Peirce’s use of abduction, and its potential significance for Christian theology.

Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim S. Gray
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Herbert Spencer is chiefly remembered for his classical liberalism and his evolutionary theory. His fame was considerable during the mid- to late-nineteenth century, especially in the USA, which he visited in 1882 to be lionized by New York society as the prophetic philosopher of capitalism. In Britain, however, Spencer’s reputation suffered two fatal blows towards the end of his life. First, collectivist legislation was introduced to protect citizens from the ravages of the industrial revolution, and Spencer’s spirited defence of economic laissez-faire became discredited. Second, his evolutionary theory, which was based largely on the Lamarckian principle of the inheritance of organic modifications produced by use and disuse, was superseded by Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Nearly a century after his death, however, there is renewed interest in his ideas, partly because the world has become more sympathetic to market philosophies, and partly because the application of evolutionary principles to human society has become fashionable once more.

Antiquity

2020 ◽  
pp. 228-261
Keyword(s):  
Collective Behavior ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Evolution Of Consciousness ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Active Channels

The choice of culture-data sources for studying the evolution of consciousness uses a sequence of four cultures. The most significant features of the depicting space in the reliefs and murals of the Aegean (Krito-Mycenaean) civilization, the classical period of Hellenism, Etruscan civilization, late republican, and imperial Rome are considered. Representations of the World Tree occupied a peripheral place in ancient mythology, but unexpected is the revival of myth - in the form of a legend about the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The adoption of Christianity completes the ancient era. When analyzing markers of evolutionary changes, the most active channels were identified. The results of the reconstruction of behavior patterns are presented in the form of generalized psychological portraits of representatives of the main estates of the Late Antiquity. The features of their collective behavior are described.

Attitudes towards creationism and evolutionary theory: the debate among secondary pupils attending Catholic and Protestant schools in Northern Ireland

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie J. Francis ◽  
John E. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
Religious Educators ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
Science Educators

A sample of 2129 pupils in the third through sixth years of Protestant and Catholic grammar schools in Northern Ireland completed an index concerned with attitudes towards creationism and evolutionary theory. The data demonstrate that among this age group in Northern Ireland, 48 percent accept the view that “God created the world as described in the Bible,” while 33 percent accept the view that “Science disproves the biblical account of creation.” Support for creationism is stronger among girls than boys, among Protestants than Catholics, and among third and fourth year students than fifth and sixth year students. The results have implications for understanding the conflict between science and religion and for both science educators and religious educators.

Agent-Based Simulation for Consumers’ Behavior Mode on Low-Carbon Buildings

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 1524-1528
Author(s):  
Fu Qun
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Agent Based Simulation ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
The World ◽  
New Energy ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
People’S Attitudes

Transitioning to purchasing low carbon buildings is vital for pro-environment because it consume less energy. Consumers’ attitudes may fall into three categories: Supportive, opposed and neutral. By simulating the agents’ behaviors based on evolutionary models which believes that buying low carbon buildings can reduce energy consuming and protect environment. At the same time, it assumes environment is shared by all the agents and those against the low carbon won’t receive penalty. Human being can exploit renewable and new energy with developed technology. Evolutionary theory explains people who get energy will affect people’s attitudes around them, while those lack of energy will change their behaviors. Research proves that opponents will dominant in the world without punishments and their behaviors increase pollution. So it is necessary to improve social education and let government to take administrative compulsory measures or legislate in order to get rid of “tragedy of the commons” produced by consuming non-low carbon buildings.

METODE PEMBELAJARAN SEBAGAI REKONSTRUKSI KARAKTER SISWA;

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-78
Author(s):  
Moh Romli
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Education Curriculum ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Method Student ◽  
The Right ◽  
Alternative Solutions

ABSTRACTMaking students who have the right, noble character and noble character, is the main goal of a teacher.Therefore, Ali Ahmad Madkur, an education expert and a Professor in the field of education curriculum developmentfrom Cairo University of Egypt, explained some of his thoughts related to the methods in Teaching and LearningActivities (at-thariqah at-ta'lim wa ta'alum). He put it in a very important part to make it easier for students to learn.Ali Ahmad Madkur, seeks to provide alternative solutions in teaching and learning methods to teachers (mu'alimun),which consist of various methods, such as habituation or exemplary, lectures, and interactions, discussions anddebates, stories, advice, penalties and rewards, etc. Ali Ahmad Madkur, has contributed ideas that can be used as abasis in teaching teachers so that they can be better understood by students, and trying with these methods, canreconstruct students' patterns of having noble character and character according to the expectations of parents, withfoundation ijmaliy (global) exposure in the guidance of the Holy Qur’an and the Hadith of the Prophet. Ali AhmadMazdkur strives in his thinking, advancing the world of Islamic education with the output of students or students whohave knowledge based on wisdom, character and noble character.Keywords: Learning Method, Student Character

Small trenches. Archaeology and the postcolonial gaze

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Audrey Horning
Keyword(s):  
Potential Significance ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Past ◽  
Critical Scholarship ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Colonial Legacies ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The comments of Nicholas Sarkozy provide a powerful and forceful opening to Dr Richard's article and remind us of the potential significance of academic considerations of colonial legacies in the contemporary world. Dr Richard argues strongly against static conceptualizations of pre-‘Atlantic-era’ Africa and seeks to recast Africans not as victims, but as active ‘producers of history and culture’ (p. 26). In so doing he aligns himself with current trends in critical scholarship on colonial encounters in the Atlantic worlds of the last four centuries, scholarship that overtly criticizes dichotomous understandings of such encounters in favour of approaches that emphasize ambiguity (e.g. Hall 2000; Silliman 2001; 2009; Stahl 2007). Dr Richard's introductory suggestion that we should formulate ‘new questions instead of supplying different answers to the quandaries of an earlier generation of historians’ (p. 3) is clearly applicable to studies of colonial arenas beyond West Africa. In all parts of the world touched by European colonialism (including, of course, Europe itself) the ways in which scholars approach their subjects are very much conditioned by more widely held cultural memories, whatever the relationship of those memories may be to whatever may have occurred in the past.

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