What Is a Safe Area? Definition, Typology and Empirical Cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-432
Author(s):  
Robin Hering
Keyword(s):  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
Target Group ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
The Political ◽  
Physical Protection ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Safe Area ◽  
Extensive Collection ◽  
The Creation ◽  
A Minor

Abstract In today’s conflicts, the number of people needing physical protection is at an all-time high. Often, protection is provided by the creation of safe areas. Although the notion largely disappeared after the Srebrenica genocide, safe areas have continued to exist empirically. Recently, safe areas had a minor revival in academic analysis and in the political rhetoric vis-à-vis Syria. Yet, fundamental gaps remain as it is still unclear what a safe area actually is and whether all safe areas function in the same way. This article develops a precise definition and comprehensive typology of safe areas. The definition is based on considerations regarding geographical limitation and location, target group, kind of provided protection, involved actors, and effective existence. Furthermore, four ideal types of safe areas are identified based on a division between belligerents’ consent/international presence and different geographical sizes. This is complemented by an extensive collection of empirical cases since 1900.

scholarly journals Nazwy w dyskursie – w kontekście koncepcji wtórnej oralności

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Mariusz Rutkowski
Keyword(s):  
Political Party ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
The Political ◽  
Walter Ong ◽  
The Creation

In the paper, the chosen cases of using the proper names revealing the residual orality in the term of Walter Ong are presented. What is characteristic, proper names are used in the extensive, aggregative formulas, in their full-forms rather than in potential abbreviated forms (e.g. name of Polish political party Prawo i Sprawiedliwość instead its abbreviation PiS). Another feature is formulas with the stable collocations, used for strengthen the persuasive value of the utterances. Another residual orality features are: agonistically toned and homeostatic – proper names in those utterances may assist in the political rhetoric, or ever strengthen the creation of the new political myths.

scholarly journals APROPRIASI METAFORA FILM IKLAN MANDIRI SECURITAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Handriyo Topo ◽  
GR Lono Lastoro ◽  
SP Gustami
Keyword(s):  
Visual Rhetoric ◽  
Visual Communication ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Visual Domain ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

<p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>            Film Iklan Mandiri Securitas  merupakan film iklan mengunakan  strategi retorika komunikasi visual empu keris sebagai pendekatan kreatifnya. Tema sebagai ide dasar penciptaaan film iklan Mandiri Securitas  berusaha memahamkan tentang usaha kerja keras untuk menghasilkan detil dari kerja empu untuk menghasilkan bilah keris, dikreasikan dengan retorika metaforis untuk merepresentasikan citra Mandiri Securitas  dalam melayani konsumennya mampu bekerja dengan baik atau tidak dengan melihat masing-masing peran dari domain retorika perkerisan dan retorika perbankan dikeduanya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui secara kritis retorika metaforis dua domain itu dengan melihat masing-masing peran dari elemen-elemen pembentuk film iklan Mandiri Securitas. Metode penelitian ini mengggunakan deskriptif kualitatif dekontruksi dengan teknik “apropriasi minus one” melalui pembongkaran domain perbankan dan domain perkerisan untuk melihat posisi retorika metaforis filmis iklan Mandiri Securitas . Film iklan memuat elemen-elemen penyusunnya seperti visual, audio, efek “animated<em>”</em> serta “<em>voice over”</em> yang mendukung terbentuknya metafora iklan. Melalui apropriasi “<em>minus one</em>” dapat ditemukan posisi retorika visual domain “perkerisan” mampu membawakan pesan dari produk yang diinginkan oleh Mandiri Securitas , tetapi jika “<em>animated text</em>” dan “<em>voice over”</em> dihilangkan, maka tidak nampak hubungan retoris di keduanya. </p><p> </p><p>Kata Kunci: retorika, metafora, film iklan, perbankan, perkerisan</p><p> </p><pre><strong>Abstract</strong></pre><pre><strong> </strong></pre><p><br /> <em>Mandiri Securitas Advertising Film is an advertising film using the rhetoric strategy of visual communication of the kris masters as a creative approach. The theme as a basic idea for the creation of the Mandiri Securitas advertisement film seeks to understand the effort of working hard to produce details from the master's work to produce a keris blade, created with metaphorical rhetoric to represent the image of Mandiri Securitas in serving its customers whether they can work well or not by looking at each the role of the political rhetoric domain and banking rhetoric in both.</em><em> </em><em>The purpose of this study was to critically identify the two domain metaphorical rhetoric by looking at each role of the constituent elements of the Mandiri Securitas  advertising film. This research method uses descriptive qualitative deconstruction by </em>"appropriation minus one"<em> technique through the dismantling of the banking domain and the domain of perkerisan to see the position of the filmmatic metaphorical rhetoric of the Mandiri Securitas  advertisement. Advertising films contain constituent elements such as visual, audio, animated effects and voice over that support the formation of advertising metaphors. Through appropriation </em>"minus one"<em> can be found the position of visual rhetoric of the keris domain is able to deliver messages from products desired by Mandiri Securitas , but if "</em>animated text<em>" and "</em>voice over"<em> are removed, there is no rhetorical relationship in both.</em></p><p> </p><pre><em>Keyword: rhetoric, metaphora, advertising film, banking,</em> kris</pre>

On the Will of the People: Notes on the Political “Theory” of Populism

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Offe
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
The Political ◽  
The People ◽  
National People ◽  
The Will

The “will of the (national) people” is the ubiquitously invoked reference unit of populist politics. The essay tries to demystify the notion that such will can be conceived of as a unique and unified substance deriving from collective ethnic identity. Arguably, all political theory is concerned with arguing for ways by which citizens can make e pluribus unum—for example, by coming to agree on procedures and institutions by which conflicts of interest and ideas can be settled according to standards of fairness. It is argued that populists in their political rhetoric and practice typically try to circumvent the burden of such argument and proof. Instead, they appeal to the notion of some preexisting existential unity of the people’s will, which they can redeem only through practices of repression and exclusion.

Kajian Sosiologis Terhadap Tema Lakon ‘Domba-domba Revolusi’ Karya Bambang Soelarto

Panggung ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Sahid
Keyword(s):  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
The Political ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Sociology Of Art ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTRevolutionary struggle in order to compete for the independence of Indonesia has been a source of inspiration Indonesian artists, including Bambang Soelarto who wrote drama Domba-domba Re- volusi (DDR). DDR studied drama is quite interesting because it tries to criticize the freedom fight- ers. This study aims to: first to know the theme and the problem plays DDR; second to determine the relationship of the socio - historical struggle in 1948 with the sociological elements of drama DDR themes and issues. This study uses sociological theory of art. The basic principles of the sociology of art is the fact that the creation of works of art influenced by the historical social conditions where the work was created. Research using content analysis of Krippendorf, the methods used to examine the symbolic phenomena with the aim to explore and express the observed phenomenon which is the content, meaning, and an essential element of the literary work. Based results of this research is that Bambang Soelarto as the author tries to capture di?erence between fighters during the struggle for the political aspirations for 1948 are expressed in a work of drama. Historical events inspired the creation of drama DDR. Soelarto want to respond to the political aspirations of the di?erence between historical figures and wanted to provide an assessment and outlook through DDR.Keywords: themes, drama, sociology of art, social historical ABSTRAKRevolusi perjuangan dalam rangka memperebutkan kemerdekaan Indonesia telah men- jadi sumber inspirasi para seniman Indonesia, termasuk Bambang Soelarto yang menulis drama Domba-domba Revolusi (DDR). Drama DDR cukup menarik diteliti karena mencoba mengkritisi para pejuang kemerdekaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: pertama, mengeta- hui tema dan permasalah drama DDR; kedua, mengetahui hubungan kondisi sosio-histo- ris perjuangan pada tahun 1948 dengan unsur-unsur sosiologis terimplisir pada unsur tema dan masalah drama DDR. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori sosiologi seni. Prinsip dasar dari sosiologi seni adalah adanya fakta bahwa penciptaan karya seni dipengaruhi oleh kon- disi sosial historis tempat karya itu diciptakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode con- tent analysis dari Krippendorf, yakni metode yang dipergunakan untuk meneliti fenome- na-fenomena simbolik dengan tujuan untuk menggali dan mengungkapkan fenomena yang teramati yang merupakan isi, makna, dan unsur esensial karya sastra. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa Bambang Soelarto sebagai penulis mencoba un- tuk menangkap perbedaan antara pejuang aspirasi politik selama perjuangan tahun 1948 untuk diekspresikan dalam sebuah karya drama. Peristiwa sejarah mengilhami penciptaan drama DDR. Soelarto ingin menanggapi aspirasi politik perbedaan antara tokoh-tokoh se- jarah dan ingin memberikan penilaian dan pandangan pandangannnya melalui DDR.Kata kunci: tema, drama, sosiologi seni, sosial historis

Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose. War and Secession: Pakistan, India and the Creation of Bangladesh. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications. 1990. 338 pp.Price Rs 225.00 (Hardbound).

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
Ziaul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Political Polarization ◽  
The Political ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
National Elections ◽  
The Real ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Creation

After thirteen long years of military dictatorship, national elections on the basis of adult franchise were held in Pakistan in December 1970. The Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and the Pakistan Peoples Party, under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, emerged as the two majority political parties in East Pakistan and West Pakistan respectively. The political party commanding a majority in one wing of the country had almost no following in the other. This ended in a political and constitutional deadlock, since this split mandate and political exclusiveness gradually led to the parting of ways and political polarization. Power was not transferred to the majority party (that is, the Awami League) within the legally prescribed time; instead, in the wake of the political/ constitutional crisis, a civil war broke out in East Pakistan which soon led to an open war between India and Pakistan in December 1971. This ultimately resulted in the dismemberment of Pakistan, and in the creation of Bangladesh as a sovereign country. The book under review is a political study of the causes and consequences of this crisis and the war, based on a reconstruction of the real facts, historical events, political processes and developments. It candidly recapitulates the respective roles of the political elites (both of India and Pakistan), their leaders and governments, and assesses their perceptions of the real situation. It is an absorbing narrative of almost thirteen months, from 7 December, 1970, when elections were held in Pakistan, to 17 December, 1971 when the war ended after the Pakistani army's surrender to the Indian army in Dhaka (on December 16, 1971). The authors, who are trained political scientists, give fresh interpretations of these historical events and processes and relate them to the broader regional and global issues, thus assessing the crisis in a broader perspective. This change of perspective enhances our understanding of the problems the authors discuss. Their focus on the problems under discussion is sharp, cogent, enlightening, and circumspect, whether or not the reader agrees with their conclusions. The grasp of the source material is masterly; their narration of fast-moving political events is superbly anchored in their scientific methodology and political philosophy.

Pax and the Politics of Peace

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Cornwell
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Political System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Roman Imperialism ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Pax Romana ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Insight Into

This book examines the two generations that spanned the collapse of the Republic and the Augustan period to understand how the concept of pax Romana, as a central ideology of Roman imperialism, evolved. The author argues for the integral nature of pax in understanding the changing dynamics of the Roman state through civil war to the creation of a new political system and world-rule. The period of the late Republic to the early Principate involved changes in the notion of imperialism. This is the story of how peace acquired a central role within imperial discourse over the course of the collapse of the Republican framework to become deployed in the legitimization of the Augustan regime. It is an examination of the movement from the debates over the content of the concept, in the dying Republic, to the creation of an authorized version controlled by the princeps, through an examination of a series of conceptions about peace, culminating with the pax augusta as the first crystallization of an imperial concept of peace. Just as there existed not one but a series of ideas concerning Roman imperialism, so too were there numerous different meanings, applications, and contexts within which Romans talked about ‘peace’. Examining these different nuances allows us insight into the ways they understood power dynamics, and how these were contingent on the political structures of the day. Roman discourses on peace were part of the wider discussion on the way in which Rome conceptualized her Empire and ideas of imperialism.

Working Less, Not More in a Workfare Programme: Group Solidarity, Informal Norms and Alternative Value Systems Amongst Activated Participants

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
LASSE SCHMIDT HANSEN ◽  
MATHIAS HERUP NIELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
Welfare Recipients ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Group Solidarity ◽  
Manual Labour ◽  
Informal Regulation

Abstract This article uses extensive ethnographic methods to explore the lived reality of a Danish workfare programme. The programme requires social assistance recipients to perform manual labour for their benefits at municipal work sites. The contrast between the political rhetoric that justifies the workfare programme and the lived reality of it is striking. While the programme is justified as a means to put the passive unemployed to work, there is a norm of working less, not more at the site. The participants spend most of their time waiting or conducting seemingly meaningless work assignments. However, over time, the majority of the participants begin to embrace this modus operandi at the site. This article answers this apparent paradox by turning to concepts from the anthropology of industrial work. Such concepts allow us to analyse how camaraderie exists amongst participants as well as work supervisors at the site. Particularly, the camaraderie is based on group solidarity, an informal regulation of work efficiency and an alternative system of value. Hereby, the article adds to previous findings on the ‘lived experiences’ of welfare recipients.

Semitic and Latin Elements in the Language and Literature of Malta

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-195
Author(s):  
Oliver Friggieri
Keyword(s):  
Complex Formation ◽  
National Language ◽  
Language And Identity ◽  
Minor Literature ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
The Creation ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Independent Country

The Semitic character of Malta’s language and the Latinity of its culture have both contributed towards the complex formation of a unique country marked by dualities of language and identity. This article seeks to outline the development of Maltese as a medium through which Malta could best express itself and construct its own literature, as Maltese intellectuals in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries sought to create an alternative to the older Italian and more recent British dominance. The establishment of Maltese as the national language and of a thriving Maltese literature reflects a move away from the use of Maltese Italian as a minor literature to the creation of an “ultraminor” Maltese for an independent country.

Regulating Religious Broadcasting

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 287-304
Author(s):  
Ian Leigh
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Advance ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Religious Expression ◽  
Satellite Broadcasting ◽  
Religious Broadcasting ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
A Minor ◽  
And Control

The broadcasting world is currently undergoing a revolution. The new technologies of cable and, more importantly, satellite broadcasting have brought within reach an enormous potential expansion and diversity in broadcasting. The Broadcasting Act 1990 is the government's response to the challenge, creating a mostly new regulatory framework. Alongside technological advance there has been a growing concern with regulating programme quality, as the creation of the Broadcasting Standards Commission (placed by Pt. V of the Act on a statutory footing) bears witness. A minor, but not insignificant, place in these cross-currents of ferment is occupied by religious broadcasting. This article seeks to place the controls and duties relating to religious broadcasting under the new regime within the context of its history in the UK and to consider the extent to which the new legal and administrative controls achieve an acceptable balance between religious expression and control of standards.

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