scholarly journals Mereology in Kalām

Oriens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-39
Author(s):  
Ayman Shihadeh
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ex Nihilo ◽  
New Interpretation

Abstract The objective of this article is twofold. First, it investigates mereology in medieval Islamic theology, particularly the theologians’ claim that the whole is identical to its parts and accordingly that at least some attributes common to the parts must by extension be attributed of the whole. This claim was refuted by philosophers and, from the eleventh century onwards, an increasing number of theologians. Second, it offers a new interpretation of the standard theological proof from accidents for creation ex nihilo, to which this problem was central. A wide range of early, classical and later theological and philosophical sources are consulted.

R. Moses the Preacher and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs

AJS Review ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Himmelfarb
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Biblical Commentary ◽  
Wide Range

R. Moses the Preacher in eleventh-century Narbonne was the compiler of an early example of the genre of biblical commentary to which the later Yalqut Shim'oni belongs, the anthology drawn from a wide range of rabbinic sources. Bereshit Rabbati (henceforth, BR), Midrash Aggadah, and Bemidbar Rabbah to Bemidbar and Naso are the surviving remnants of this work.

scholarly journals Microtubules soften due to cross-sectional flattening

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edvin Memet ◽  
Feodor Hilitski ◽  
Margaret A Morris ◽  
Walter J Schwenger ◽  
Zvonimir Dogic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Strain ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Elastic Model ◽  
Softening Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mechanical Compliance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Elastic Filament ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Effective Mechanical Properties

We use optical trapping to continuously bend an isolated microtubule while simultaneously measuring the applied force and the resulting filament strain, thus allowing us to determine its elastic properties over a wide range of applied strains. We find that, while in the low-strain regime, microtubules may be quantitatively described in terms of the classical Euler-Bernoulli elastic filament, above a critical strain they deviate from this simple elastic model, showing a softening response with increasing deformations. A three-dimensional thin-shell model, in which the increased mechanical compliance is caused by flattening and eventual buckling of the filament cross-section, captures this softening effect in the high strain regime and yields quantitative values of the effective mechanical properties of microtubules. Our results demonstrate that properties of microtubules are highly dependent on the magnitude of the applied strain and offer a new interpretation for the large variety in microtubule mechanical data measured by different methods.

scholarly journals The East and the West

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-134
Author(s):  
Hye K. Pae
Keyword(s):  
East Asian ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
The West ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Attention And Perception ◽  
Analytic Problem

Abstract This chapter reviews the cultural aspects of the East and the West. A wide range of differences between the East and the West is discussed in terms of the extrinsic and intrinsic differences. The extrinsic differences comprise architecture, the mode of clothing, everyday practices, and language and script, while the intrinsic differences consist of culture and value systems, attention and perception (holistic vs. analytic), problem solving (relation vs. categorization), and rhetorical structure (linear vs. roundabout). The locus of these differences is identified with respect to philosophical foundations and the characteristics of Eastern and Western cultures. The prevalent interpretations of the differences between the East and the West center on Diamond’s (1999) guns, germs, and steel, Nisbett’s (2003) geography of thought, and Logan’s (2004) alphabet effects. However, these interpretations cannot explain differences in ideologies, religious practices, and societal values among Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans. Therefore, script relativity becomes a new interpretation of the engine behind the differences among the three East-Asian nations and between the East and the West.

scholarly journals The IGS Symposium on Ice and Climate Modeling: An Overview

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 241-242
Author(s):  
Uwe Radok
Keyword(s):  
Climate Modeling ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Climatic Forcing ◽  
American Meteorological Society ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Interpretation

The Symposium on Ice and Climate Modeling was staged by the International Glaciological Society (IGS) with the co-sponsorship of the American Meteorological Society to bring glaciologists into direct contact with modelers of the Earth’s climates during interglacials (such as the present) and glacial episodes. The purpose of mutual familiarization was served by reviews of the hierarchies which now exist for models of atmosphere, ocean, and climate. These reviews emphasized the actual or potential uses of ice data and parameterizations, and both general and specific aspects of coupling and sensitivity testing. The glaciologists in their turn reviewed the problems of exploring different ice forms and simulating their responses to climatic forcing. Interspersed with the didactic presentations important new results were reported. The most significant concerned atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide deduced from ice core analyses, which were put into a wider context by a new interpretation of the ocean as a chemical system.The presentations and discussions highlighted a wide range of problems ripe for collaborative study. Topics recommended for priority attention include contemporaneous changes in the properties of ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica, links between weather sequences and the stable isotope contents of polar precipitation, systematic intercomparisons of a wide range of model results, and the construction of intermediate-complexity sea-ice models for use in climate simulations.

scholarly journals How could the Viking Sun compass be used with sunstones before and after sunset? Twilight board as a new interpretation of the Uunartoq artefact fragment

2014 ◽  
Vol 470 (2166) ◽  
pp. 20130787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balázs Bernáth ◽  
Alexandra Farkas ◽  
Dénes Száz ◽  
Miklós Blahó ◽  
Ádám Egri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
Sun Compass ◽  
The North ◽  
Skylight Polarization ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Birefringent Crystals ◽  
New Interpretation

Vikings routinely crossed the North Atlantic without a magnetic compass and left their mark on lands as far away as Greenland, Newfoundland and Baffin Island. Based on an eleventh-century dial fragment artefact, found at Uunartoq in Greenland, it is widely accepted that they sailed along chosen latitudes using primitive Sun compasses. Such instruments were tested on sea and proved to be efficient hand-held navigation tools, but the dimensions and incisions of the Uunartoq find are far from optimal in this role. On the basis of the sagas mentioning sunstones, incompatible hypotheses were formed for Viking solar navigation procedures and primitive skylight polarimetry with dichroic or birefringent crystals. We describe here a previously unconceived method of navigation based on the Uunartoq artefact functioning as a ‘twilight board’, which is a combination of a horizon board and a Sun compass optimized for use when the Sun is close to the horizon. We deduced an appropriate solar navigation procedure using a twilight board, a shadow-stick and birefringent crystals, which bring together earlier suggested methods in harmony and provide a true skylight compass function. This could have allowed Vikings to navigate around the clock, to use the artefact dial as a Sun compass during long parts of the day and to use skylight polarization patterns in the twilight period. In field tests, we found that true north could be appointed with such a medieval skylight compass with an error of about ±4° when the artificially occluded Sun had elevation angles between +10° and −8° relative to the horizon. Our interpretation allows us to assign exact dates to the gnomonic lines on the artefact and outlines the schedule of the merchant ships that sustained the Viking colony in Greenland a millennium ago.

A Social Archaeology of Roman and Late Antique Egypt

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Swift ◽  
Jo Stoner ◽  
April Pudsey
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Social Archaeology ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Close Study ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
And Gender

The first in-depth study of the society and culture of Roman and late antique Egypt that uses everyday artefacts as its principal source of evidence, this book transforms our understanding of many aspects of its society and culture. It represents a fundamental reference work for scholars, with much new and essential information on a wide range of artefacts, many of which are found not only in Egypt, but also in the wider Roman and late antique world. It also sets out a new interpretation of everyday life and aspects of social relations in Egypt in the period under study. By taking a social archaeology approach, it contributes substantial insights into everyday practices and their social meanings in the past. Artefacts from UCL’s Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology are the principal source of evidence. Most of these objects have not been the subject of any previous research. The book integrates the close study of artefact features with other sources of evidence, including papyri and visual material. There are two principal parts to the book, Part I: ‘Exploring the Social Functions of Dress Objects’, and Part II: ‘The Domestic Realm and Everyday Experience’. An important theme is the life course, and how both dress-related artefacts and ordinary functional objects construct age and gender-related status, and facilitate appropriate social relations and activities. There is also a particular focus on wider social experience in the domestic context. Other topics covered include economic and social changes across the period studied.

Improved in situ mineral and petrophysical interpretation with neutron-induced gamma-ray spectroscopy elemental logs

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. SF31-SF53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oyinkansola Ajayi ◽  
Carlos Torres-Verdín
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectroscopy ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Mineral Concentrations ◽  
Interpretation Method

Neutron logs are routinely expressed as apparent neutron porosity based on the assumption of a freshwater-saturated homogeneous formation with solid composition equal to either sandstone, limestone, or dolomite. Rock formations are often extremely heterogeneous and consist of different minerals and fluids in varying proportions, which cause simultaneous matrix and fluid effects on neutron logs. Detailed quantification of formation mineral composition enables the correction of matrix effects on measured neutron logs to unmask fluid effects; this in turn enables accurate quantification of porosity and water saturation. Neutron-induced gamma-ray spectroscopy is one of the most direct means available to quantify in situ formation mineralogy but available spectroscopy-based interpretation methods are usually tool dependent and incorporate empirical correlations. We have developed a new interpretation method to quantify mineral concentrations through the joint nonlinear matrix inversion of measured spectroscopy elemental weight concentrations and matrix-sensitive logs, such as gamma ray, matrix photoelectric factor, matrix sigma (neutron capture cross section), and matrix density. The estimated mineralogy was used in the correction of matrix effects on porosity logs and subsequent calculation of true formation porosity. The water saturation was quantified through joint petrophysical interpretation of matrix-corrected porosities and resistivity measurements using an appropriate saturation model. The developed inversion-based interpretation method is applicable to a wide range of formation lithologies, well trajectories, and borehole environments (including open and cased hole environments), and it is independent of tool and neutron source type. Verification results with synthetic and field cases confirm that the spectroscopy-based algorithm is reliable and accurate in the quantification of mineral concentrations, matrix properties, porosity, and hydrocarbon saturation.

scholarly journals Explanining the vigor (relative and absolute) in seeds: the biological meaning behind the mathematician

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanderley José Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Mathematical Basis ◽  
Biological Meaning ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Normal Seedling ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Viable Seeds

Seed vigor is the totality of all properties that determine a rapid and uniform emergence and development of normal seedling under a wide range of conditions. However, the physiological quality within a seed lot is not  homogeneous, generating a quality gradient between seeds. Thus, the vigor expressed by the final percentage of normal seedlings tends to underestimate the quality of the batch, considering the total number of seeds. One possible method for correcting such an effect would be to weight vigor by germination, generating an index called relative vigor. The index reflects the “success” of viable seeds in maintaining their potential under stress. In this context, this review article proposes the possibility of using a new measure for vigor and new interpretation of relative vigor, as well as providing the mathematical basis for its use.

Exegetes of Nishapur: A Preliminary Survey of Qur'anic Works by Ibn Ḥabīb, Ibn Fūrak, and ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-73
Author(s):  
Martin Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The City ◽  
Final Work

This article provides a preliminary study of three previously unstudied Qur'anic works, each of which has been ascribed to an important fifth/eleventh-century member of the Shāfiʿī elite of Nishapur. Previous studies have documented the importance of the city in the formation of the classical tafsīr tradition, with special attention paid to al-Thaʿlabī (d. 427/1035) and his student al-Wāḥidī (d. 468/1076). Nevertheless, other important Nishapuri personalities demonstrating a wide range of interests have yet to receive proper coverage. By examining the bio-bibliographical records and the extant texts, I introduce three important Nishapuri scholars as exegetes and outline the nature of their contributions. The first work is an ʿulūm al-Qurʾān text written by Abū’l-Qāsim Ibn Ḥabīb (d. 406/1016) the famed Qur'an scholar who marks the beginning of the Thaʿlabī-Wāḥidī lineage of exegetical development. Then follows the tafsīr of the Ashʿarī theologian Ibn Fūrak (d. 406/1015), of which only a part survives. The third and final work is another tafsīr, which has been attributed to Ibn Fūrak's Ashʿarī colleague Abū Manṣūr ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī (d. 429/1037).

scholarly journals Reconciling Orthodox and Heterodox Views on Money and Banking

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-370
Author(s):  
David Andolfatto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Mainstream Economic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ex Nihilo

A wide range of heterodox theories claim that banks are special because they create money in the act of lending. Put another way, banks can create the funding they need ex nihilo, whereas all other agencies must first acquire the funding they need from other parties. Mainstream economic theory largely agrees with this assessment, but questions its theoretical and empirical relevance, preferring to view banks as one of many potentially important actors in the financial market. In this paper, I develop a formal economic model in an attempt to make these ideas precise. The model lends some support to both views on banking.

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