Pengaruh Priming pada Vigor Benih Kedelai (Glycine max. [L] Merrill) yang Dikecambahkan pada Tanah Masam

The need of soybeans continuously increases due to the increasing of human population. The germination of soybeans seeds in the acid soil such as ultisol soil often experienced barrier. One of the ways to improve seed germination in the acid soils is to give priming treatment on the seeds. The research was conducted in the green house of the Integrated Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Lampung. It was conducted from December 2020 to March 2021. The research used factorial treatment that was applied in the Completely Random Design with three replicates. The Tukey’s Honestly Significance Difference with 5% level of significance was used to compare the average of treaments. Data analyzing was done by using R studio statistics program. The first factor was kinds of priming which consisted of without priming as a controle, water priming within 12 hours, KNO3 1% within 3 hours, KNO3 2% within 6 hours, GA3 50 ppm within 14 hours, GA3 100 ppm within 14 hours, and PEG 7,5% within 24 hours. The second factor was three soybean seed varieties, i.e. Anjasmoro, Burangrang, and Grobogan. Results showed that Giberelin priming of 50 ppm for 14 hours was the best priming in seedling emergence in the ultisol soils. The Burangrang soybean seeds showed the best T50% and the number of radicles appeared in the first day. The Anjasmoro soybean seeds showed the best response in the dry weight of normal seedling and hypocotyls lenght of normal seedling in the ultisol soils.Key Words: Priming, soybean, ultisol, variety

Effect of Organic and Botanicals Priming on Seed Quality Parameter of Pigeonpea (Cajanuscajan (L.) Millspaugh)

Presence of hard seed coats and several seed borne pathogens hinder the normal seedling establishment in legumes. Earlier seed enhancement is mainly achieved though synthetics and growth regulators. To evaluate the effect of organics and botanicals on quality parameters of the seed an experiment was conducted in Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences. Treatments in the experiment comprised of Panchagavya at 3%, 5% and 7% for 12 hrs., Beejamrutha at 5%, 7% and 9% for 12 hrs., Coconut water at 6% and 8% for 12hrs., Moringa leaf extract at 5% and 7% for 12hrs and Sea weed extract at 3% and 5% for 12hrs.Priming with the selected organics and botanicalsis found to enhance the quality parameters compared to untreated control. The treatment Panchagavya at 7% for duration of 12 hours was found to be superior compared to the other treatments in the study.

Association mapping of seed vigor in spring soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in northeast China

High-vigor soybean seeds can result in the rapid and uniform emergence of seeds under a wide range of field conditions. We aimed to explore the quantitative trait loci of seed vigor traits and superior allelic and carrier materials from the soybean in northeast China. A total of 257 improved lines and 104 soybean landraces were used to evaluate seed vigor, using normal seedling fresh weight, normal seedling length, main root length, hypocotyl length, and germination percentage, in 2018 and 2019. In this study, the different degrees of LD was detected not only among syntenic markers but also among nonsyntenic ones, suggesting that there had been historical recombination among linkage groups. A total of 19 and 10 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers associated with seed vigor were detected in improved lines and soybean landraces in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Our results also showed five SSR markers co-associated with two or three vigor traits. In addition, 41 superior alleles and their carrier materials were mined. Based on the elite alleles detected, the best cross combinations for improving seed vigor traits were proposed. The results demonstrate that association mapping is a valuable foundation for molecular breeding for soybean seed vigor.

Pre-soaking with gibberellin in sweet corn seed lots with different levels of vigor

The poor longevity and performance of sweet corn seeds justify the adoption of practices that enhance their quality, such as pre-soaking. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of pre-soaking with gibberellin on the physiological potential of two sweet corn seed lots with contrasting vigor levels under ideal and water-deficit conditions. Initially, the seed lots were characterized for germination and physiological potential through first count, germination, accelerated aging, cold test, normal seedling length, normal seedling dry mass, field emergence, emergence speed index, and tetrazolium test. Subsequently, the seeds were pre-soaked with water and 0.4 and 0.8 g L−1 gibberellic acid, in addition to the control (without pre-soaking), randomly in a 2×4 factorial scheme with four replications. Then, the moisture content, first count, germination, field emergence, and emergence speed index of the seeds were evaluated under conditions of simulated water deficiency. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and comparison of means, using Tukey’s test and Student’s t-test, for comparisons between treatments and lots, respectively. Pre-soaking favored germination speed and percentage in sweet corn seeds, particularly under water-deficit conditions. Pre-soaking the most vigorous lot with water and the least vigorous lot with 0.4 g L−1 gibberellic acid favored the physiological performance.

THE CONTROL OF APRICOT SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION BY LOW TEMPERATURE TREATMENTS

Objective: Freshly harvested seeds of “Local” apricot variety were found to be dormant and did not germinate at all. A specific low-temperature stratification treatment was required to overcome seed dormancy. The most effective temperature for breaking seed dormancy, germination, and seedling growth was 5°C cold stratification (CS). Increased seed germination percentage was recorded when the period of stratification prolonged. Seedling developed from stratified seeds had better growth than those developed from non-stratified seeds. Methods: For stratification treatments, the seeds with removed endocarp were mixed with moistened sand. Afterward, they were subjected to a period of stratification at 5°C. Seeds were stratified in pots of 30 cm×40 cm. Stratified seeds were regularly irrigated once per week. To prevent the water loss during stratification upper surface of pots was covered by a sack. The following stratification was applied for apricot variety: CS for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and15 days in 1998 and 1999 years for “Local” variety. Results: Apricot seeds required a CS of about 15 days for “Local” variety to reach maximum germination and normal seedling growth. Moreover, when stratification period was prolonged, some of the chemical constituents of apricot seeds were increased and other was decreased. Therefore, it can be suggested that breaking of dormancy is coincided with several changes in different chemical constituents of seeds. Some of these materials increased (total, reducing and non-reducing sugars, total free amino acids, total indoles, and total and conjugated phenols) and other materials such as free phenols which decreased at seed germinations. Conclusion: The most effective temperature for breaking seed dormancy, germination, and seedling growth was 5°C CS. Increased seed germination percentage was recorded when the period of stratification prolonged. Seedling developed from stratified seeds had better growth than those developed from non-stratified seeds.

Ectopic Expression of Fiber Related Gbwri1 Complements Seed Phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana

WRINKLED1 belongs to AP2/EREB family of transcription factors whose role has been well established in seed oil biosynthesis. The objective of the study was to trace the role of fiber related Gbwri1 in seed development and fatty acid biosynthesis. In this study, we isolated a transcript from elite fiber producing cotton (Gossypium barbadense), which is over-expressed in G. barbadense fibers as compared to G. hirsutum and G. arboreum. The putative protein encoded by this transcript exhibited homology in specific domains and protein structure with WRINKLED1 of Arabidopsis thaliana and was thus designated as Gbwri1. In this study, we investigated the functional homology of fiber elongation related Gbwri1 with fatty acid biosynthesis regulator Atwri1. Ectopic expression of Gbwri1 in wri1-3 mutant of A. thaliana was analyzed. In the transgenic lines of A. thaliana, Gbwri1 resumed the seed weight, seed area, and surface morphology to the wild type. Gbwri1 transformation rescued the wrinkled phenotype of wri1-3 mutants by resuming the expression of fatty acid biosynthesis genes biotin carboxyl carrier protein isoform 2 (bccp2) and keto-ACP synthase 1 (kas1). Moreover, the seedling development of transgenic lines on non-sucrose medium demonstrated that the Gbwri1 was able to regulate the supply of sucrose for normal seedling establishment. Our results showed that the transformation of Gbwri1 in A. thaliana wri1-3 mutant was able to complement wri1-3 impaired phenotype. Thus, Gbwri1 is involved in cotton fiber development and fatty acid biosynthesis in seeds. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Explanining the vigor (relative and absolute) in seeds: the biological meaning behind the mathematician

Seed vigor is the totality of all properties that determine a rapid and uniform emergence and development of normal seedling under a wide range of conditions. However, the physiological quality within a seed lot is not homogeneous, generating a quality gradient between seeds. Thus, the vigor expressed by the final percentage of normal seedlings tends to underestimate the quality of the batch, considering the total number of seeds. One possible method for correcting such an effect would be to weight vigor by germination, generating an index called relative vigor. The index reflects the “success” of viable seeds in maintaining their potential under stress. In this context, this review article proposes the possibility of using a new measure for vigor and new interpretation of relative vigor, as well as providing the mathematical basis for its use.

Respon Viabilitas Benih Kacang Tunggak Nagara (Vigna unguiculata ssp cylindrica) Akibat Pemberian Konsentrasi Ekstrak Akar Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes)

Water hyacinth root contains Giberilin which was expected to improve the viability performance of nagara cowpea. The aim of this research was to study the effect of water hyacinth root extract on the viability of nagara cowpea. The research was carry out in April - October 2020 at the Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru. This research was arranged in a single factor completely randomized design, namely the concentration of water hyacinth root extract (control, 0%, 7.5%, 15.0%, 22.5%, and 30.0%). Observations were made on seed germination, viability potential, percentage of normal seedling at first observation, growth speed, uniformity of growth, root and plumule length of strong normal seedling, and dry weight of normal seedling.. If the treatment has a significant effect, then proceed with DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test). The 0.0% priming was better on all variables than the without priming, except for the root length. The 7.5% priming treatment was the most efficient for seed germination, potential germination of seeds, and growth uniformity of seeds. The 22.5% priming treatment was the most efficient for the germination percentage in first observation, seed growth speed, plumule length, and dry weight of normal seedling.

Effects of Inorganic Salt Solutions on Vigour, Viability, Oxidative Metabolism and Germination Enzymes in Aged Cabbage and Lettuce Seeds

This study assessed the potential of pre-hydration treatment with aqueous solutions (electrolysed [cathodic water; CW] and non-electrolysed) prepared from four different inorganic ion combinations: 1 mM CaCl2, 1 µm CaCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2 (CaMg, hereafter), 1 mM MgCl2 and 1 mM NaCl to invigorate controlled deteriorated (CDd) Brassicaoleracea (cabbage) and Lactucasativa (lettuce) seeds by assessing germination, vigour and biochemical markers (electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation products, protein carbonylation, and defence and germination associated enzymes) of oxidative stress. Additionally, the possible effects of pH of electrolysed CaMg and NaCl solutions were assessed. The inorganic salt solutions were applied to fresh seeds and seeds deteriorated to 75% viability (P75), 50% viability (P50) and 25% viability (P25); deionised water served as control. The pre-hydration treatment did not enhance normal seedling production in cabbage. However, Ca-containing and CW hydration treatments (CaCl2 CW, CaMg and CaMg CW [6.5], MgCl2 CW, NaCl CW and NaCl CW [6.5]) promoted normal seedling production of CDd lettuce seeds, while seedling vigour was enhanced by CaMg, CaMg CW (6.5), NaCl CW and NaCl CW (6.5) in CDd cabbage seeds, and CaCl2, CaCl2 CW, CaMg, CaMg CW (6.5), MgCl2 CW, NaCl CW and NaCl CW (6.5) in CDd lettuce seeds. The supplementation of Ca, a component of the ionised solutes, and/or the reducing potential of CW contributed to increased normal seedling production in lettuce seeds irrespective of the pH of treatment solutions or degree of deterioration. Overall, the pre-hydration treatments enhanced endogenous antioxidants leading to reduced levels of electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and enhanced germination enzyme activities in lettuce seeds. The study concluded that pre-hydration with selected inorganic salt solutions can invigorate debilitated lettuce seeds.

Removing the endosperm of ginseng and American ginseng seeds results in embryos developing into normal seedlings

Both ginseng and American ginseng are world-famous traditional medicines with multiple bioactivities. The deep dormancy of their seeds causes serious problems in artificial cultivation. However, little is known about the physiological mechanism of seed dormancy and how to shorten the seed dormancy period for these two plant species. An experiment was conducted to determine whether endosperm removal would promote embryo development in ginseng and American ginseng and if in vitro embryos would suffer nutrient deficiency during seedling establishment. The results show that excised embryos developed radicles longer than 2 mm, using any culture method, whereas no germination was observed for intact seeds. Excised embryos, without the endosperm nutrient-supply have the ability of developing into a normal seedling, but in vitro embryos grown on MS medium have greater fresh weight, seedling height and radicle length than those grown on filter paper and pure agar medium. In summary, removing endosperm can overcome physiological dormancy of ginseng and American ginseng seeds, and nutrient level determines the development and growth rate of the embryo.