An Analysis of China’s Legal and Policy Framework for the Sustainability of Foreign Forest Carbon Projects

Climate Law ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 150-184
Author(s):  
Yixin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Forest Carbon Sequestration

China’s policymakers regard forest carbon sequestration as one of the most cost-effective ways to combat climate change. Yet, scholars argue that foreign forest carbon projects in developing countries are environmentally and socially unsustainable. This paper explores China’s policy and legal framework for the sustainability of forest carbon projects that utilize international carbon-certification schemes. It finds that while China’s government has set ambitious climate goals for the forest sector, the applicable regulations are not comprehensively developed, and risks of unsustainability exist in practice. The government should undertake comprehensive institutional reform, including reform to establish implementation regulations for redd projects, adjust laws on forest and land to address climate risks, set up regulatory social-impact assessments, and create a greater demand for private forest sustainability assessments. 1

scholarly journals Can the Delhi Government’s ‘Mohalla’ clinic overcome its challenges and provide quality health services to the urban poor population?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-154
Author(s):  
Bhuwan KC ◽  
Pathiyil Ravi Shankar ◽  
Sunil Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Urban Health ◽  
State Government ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Basic Health ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up

   The ‘Mohalla’ clinics were set up by the Delhi state (provincial) government in India in 2014 to provide basic health services to people of Delhi city and its vicinity, especially targeting the urban poor. The Mohalla clinics are staffed by a doctor, a nurse, a pharmacist and a laboratory technician and theyprovide basic health services including immunisation, family planning and counselling services. The Mohalla clinic program had a good start and its operation was cost-effective; however, it is still struggling to increase its coverage to entire Delhi state as it had planned. The program got caught up in the central government and state government bureaucratic tussle, especially on the issue of acquiring land for setting up such clinics and on the implementation front due to the lack of operational plan and collaboration with the government line agencies. Thus, despite political will and funding a potentially viable urban health programmay have got stuck in the operational procedural complexities and political-bureaucratic tussle. This commentary article tries to discuss the challenges faced by the Delhi government’s ‘Mohalla’ clinics and a possible way forward to scale it up as a model urban health program.

Potentials and costs of climate change mitigation in the Norwegian forest sector — Does choice of policy matter?

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne K. Sjølie ◽  
Greg S. Latta ◽  
Birger Solberg
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
Forest Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Ghg Fluxes

Forests are important contributors to the global carbon cycle and mitigate climate change through carbon sequestration and the supply of wood that substitutes for fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG)-intensive building materials. However, current climate policies only partially credit forest carbon sequestration and bioenergy policies are handled independently of forestry. Using Norway as a case study, we analyze two sets of simulated carbon tax/subsidy policies, one crediting forest carbon sequestration while maintaining predetermined harvest levels and utilization of wood, and another targeting GHG fluxes in the entire forest industrial sector allowing harvest levels and wood markets to change in response to the policy. Results indicate that GHG emission reduction potentials differ substantially between the two policies, being several times higher for the latter than the former policy at a given carbon price. This suggests that (i) previous research efforts in Europe have not captured the full mitigation potential as they have not included adaptations in the harvest level and the wood market and (ii) climate policies should target GHG fluxes in the entire sector to utilize its potential contribution for mitigating climate change.

scholarly journals Did Government Expenditure on the Grain for Green Project Help the Forest Carbon Sequestration Increase in Yunnan, China?

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Ya’nan Lu ◽  
Shunbo Yao ◽  
Zhenmin Ding ◽  
Yuanjie Deng ◽  
Mengyang Hou
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Grain For Green ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
Grain For Green Project ◽  
The Government ◽  
Forest Carbon Sequestration

Reasonably assessing the effectiveness of government expenditure on the Grain for Green project (GFG) in providing forest carbon sequestration would contribute to the development of China’s forest carbon sequestration. Using the government expenditure data from the GFG in Yunnan Province from 2001 to 2015 and the MODIS Land Cover Type (MCD12Q1) time-series datasets, we calculated the forest carbon sequestration of various counties (cities or districts). The impacts of GFG government expenditure on forest carbon sequestration were empirically evaluated by the least squares dummy variables method (LSDV). The research results indicate that a 1% increase in government expenditure on the GFG yielded a 0.0364% increase in forest carbon sequestration. However, the effects of GFG government expenditure on forest carbon sequestration differed greatly in different areas because of the diversity of the natural environments, forest resource endowment, and government policies. If the initial forest endowment was not considered, the effectiveness of government expenditure on the GFG in providing forest carbon sequestration would have been overestimated. This study argues that, to improve the efficiency of GFG government expenditure in Yunnan Province, more investment should be made in regions with positive regression coefficients that have passed the significance t-test, such as Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in the northwest, Baoshan City in the west, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture in the south, and Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in the east.

A smart learning assistance tool for inclusive education

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Sangeeta Srivastava ◽  
Ashwani Varshney ◽  
Supriya Katyal ◽  
Ravneet Kaur ◽  
Vibha Gaur
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Learning Tools ◽  
Special Schools ◽  
Smart Learning ◽  
Learning Assistance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Teaching Learning

The government has established special schools to cater to the needs of children with disabilities but they are often segregated rather than receiving equitable opportunities. Artificial Intelligence has opened new ways to promote special education with advanced learning tools. These tools enable to adapt to a typical classroom set up for all the students with or without disabilities. To ensure social equity and the same classroom experience, a coherent solution is envisioned for inclusive education. This paper aims to propose a cost-effective and integrated Smart Learning Assistance (SLA) tool for Inclusive Education using Deep Learning and Computer Vision techniques. It comprises speech to text and sign language conversion for hearing impaired students, sign language to text conversion for speech impaired students, and Braille to text for communicating with visually impaired students. The tool assists differently-abled students to make use of various teaching-learning opportunities conferred to them and ensures convenient two-way communication with the instructor and peers in the classroom thus makes learning easier.

Evaluating a tax-based subsidy approach for forest carbon sequestration

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEONG-HOON CHO ◽  
JUHEE LEE ◽  
ROLAND K. ROBERTS ◽  
BURTON C. ENGLISH ◽  
EDWARD T. YU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Property Taxes ◽  
County Level ◽  
Viable Approach ◽  
Forest Carbon Sequestration

SUMMARYForest carbon sequestration plays an important role in reducing the build-up of greenhouse gases that are known to contribute to global climate change. However, private landowners will supply less carbon sequestration than would be socially desirable if they are unable to capture the economic value of sequestration. We examine the viability of offering landowners property tax subsidies for forest carbon sequestration (referred to as a ‘tax-based subsidy approach’). Waiving property taxes on forestland provides incentives for landowners to afforest non-forested land and/or sustain forests that are at risk of deforestation. We focus on 17 Tennessee counties and one Kentucky county, constituting one of 179 Bureau of Economic Analysis areas in the United States, as a case study. Higher forestland net return from waiving property taxes increases the share of forestland in the 18 counties, which in turn increases the accumulation of carbon in the forest ecosystem, suggesting that this is a viable approach. The annualized county-level cost of supplying forest carbon sequestration using a tax-based subsidy ranges between US$15.56 and US$563.58 per carbon tonne across the 18 counties. Relevant government agencies can use these estimates to target selected counties for more cost-effective adoption of the county-level tax-based subsidy approach.

Social Impact Assessment, Including Impact Assessments in Relation to Mineral Extraction in Greenland

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 359-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Trier Hansen ◽  
Bent Ole Gram Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Social Impact Assessment ◽  
Mineral Extraction ◽  
Environmental Impact Assessments ◽  
The Government

Abstract Social Impact Assessment is in general used in connection with larger mineral extraction projects in Greenland. Such assessments are not part of the environmental impact assessments, and different authorities are involved. Recent amendments of the relevant legislation have strengthened the quality of the mineral extraction legislation. However, the legal framework and its implementation still leave a lot to the discretion of the Government and could be improved.

scholarly journals REGIONAL PLANNING AUTHORITY IN MALAYSIA: LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainul Jaria Maidin ◽  
Sharifah Zubaidah Syed Abdul Kader
Keyword(s):  
Regional Planning ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Federal System ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
Planning Authority

The idea that local authorities should be the ones determining the affairs of their local authority areas is an engrained rule in the structure of the Malaysian style of government. Of late, regional planning has gained prominence with the realization that it promotes effective and efficient use of resources and reduces regional imbalances and poverty as well as may help in achieving sustainable development. Malaysia has the legal framework for establishing a regional planning authority that crosses the boundaries of two or more states, yet none has been set up to date. This paper analyses the related provision, examines the proposed institutional framework and identifies the challenges that the government may face in establishing a regional planning authority, including political will, state autonomy in a federal system of government, and the scope and powers of such authority. A comparison of the setting up of regional authorities in Australia and Canada is also included, being countries applying the federal system of government like Malaysia.

scholarly journals Cost Effectiveness in Primary Education: A Study of Pakistan

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1169-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafar H. Ismail ◽  
Hafiz A. Pasha ◽  
A. Rauf Khan
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
School Construction ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Action Programme ◽  
General Recognition ◽  
The Government

The Government of Pakistan prepared the second Perspective Plan in 1987- 88 for the next ftfteen years to set the long-term social and economic policy framework. The Plan identifted that the long-term objectives could only be achieved if the education, skills, nutrition and health of the people were improved. These objectives have recently been operationalised in the donor supported Social Action Programme (SAP). However, there is general recognition of the resource constraint within which these objectives are to be achieved, especially given the low priority that has been attached traditionally to allocations to the social sectors. Therefore, the p{ogramme envisages the expansion of primary infrastructure through an accelerated school construction programme using cost -effective approaches to delivery including need-based criteria for school location and changes in the pattern of allocation of funds among sector inputs.

scholarly journals Conceptualizing child labour trafficking and exploitation: The case of Roma children in Montenegro

Temida ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonela Arhin
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Pull Factors ◽  
Labour Exploitation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
Sophisticated Analysis

Trafficking of children for labour exploitation is a profit-oriented criminal activity by which children are recruited, transported, harboured or received for the purpose of labour exploitation irrespective of whether or not force, abduction, fraud or other means were used. This paper examines child labour trafficking in the context of human rights violations and as the worst form of child labour. In an attempt to situate the discourse of alleged labour exploitation and trafficking of Roma children in Montenegro, focusing in particular on instances of child begging, this paper offers an overview of the international legal framework as well as the Government of Montenegro?s policy framework relevant to this issue; an analysis of implicated historical, familial and cultural structures; and focuses on identifying root causes in terms of push-pull factors that are associated with enhancing children?s vulnerability and proneness to exploitation. Along with a set of recommendations, in closing, the paper calls for a more sophisticated analysis of child labour trafficking and, in the case of Roma children, a more nuanced understanding of historical and cultural pretexts against the backdrop of labour trafficking.

Libraries as Portal for Knowledge Driven Rural Community Development Cases from Botswana

2011 ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Rebecca Lekoko ◽  
Josephine Modise-Jankie ◽  
Christopher Busang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Communication Program ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Telecommunications Services ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up

Realizing that the rural communities lag behind with information that can help improve their lives, the government has set up the Rural Communication Program (RCP) with a goal “to provide telecommunications services to the rural areas in the most cost effective, efficient, logical and transparent manner possible” (Ministry of Communication Science and Technology, 2006, p. 14). Among specific objectives of the Rural Communications Program (RCP) is using appropriate technology to provide services, and in this case, the Internet or computers have been used to augment information found in local libraries. The Botswana Long Term Vision 2016 stipulates as a challenge the need to ensure that all people in Botswana especially those in the rural areas or those who need special assistance, receive the same benefits, and achieve their maximum potential, and RCP is the main foundation on which efforts for availing information that reaches the rural communities are based. Rural here refers to isolated and poorly served communities. These are communities where the government has identified that essential and basic services are required as part of its social obligation and mandate to integrate these areas into economic and social development of the nation. While these communities are of interest in this chapter, the chapter draws some cases from urban places because Internet connectivity in the rural areas of Botswana is still a problem.

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