History of the Historiography of Spanish Textbooks and Treatises on International Law of the 19th Century

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Yolanda Gamarra Chopo
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Late Development ◽  
Spanish History ◽  
Principal Axes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

The bibliography of Spanish international law textbooks is a good indicator of the evolution of the historiography of international law. Spanish historiography, with its own special features, was a recipient of the great debates concerning naturalism v. positivism and universalism v. particularism that flourished in European and American historiography in the nineteenth century. This study is articulated on four principal axes. The first states how the writings of the philosophes continued to dominate the way in which the subject was conceived in mid-nineteenth century Spain. Secondly, it explores the popularization and democratization of international law through the work of Concepcion Arenal and the heterodox thought of Rafael Maria de Labra. Thirdly, it examines the first textbooks of international law with their distinct natural law bias, but imbued with certain positivist elements. These textbooks trawled sixteenth century Spanish history, searching for the origins of international law and thus demonstrating the historical civilizing role of Spain, particularly in America. Fourthly, it considers the vision of institutionist, heterodox reformers and bourgeois liberals who proclaimed the universality of international law, not without some degree of ambivalence, and their defence of Spain as the object of civilization and also a civilizing subject. In conclusion, the article argues that the late development of textbooks was a consequence of the late institutionalization of the study of international law during the last decade of the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, the legacy of the nineteenth century survives in the most progressive of contemporary polemics for a new international law.

An Introduction to the History of International Law

1924 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baron S. A. Korff
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
History Of International Law

For a long time writers on international law took it for granted that the subject of their studies was a relatively recent product of modern civilization, and that the ancient world did not know any system of international law. If we go back to the literature of the nineteenth century, we can find a certain feeling of pride among internationalists that international law was one of the best fruits of our civilization and that it was a system which distinguished us from the ancient barbarians. Some of these writers paid special attention to this question of origins and endeavored to explain why the ancient world never could have had any international law.

The Mid-Nineteenth Century Electoral Structure

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Present State ◽  
Divergence Of Opinion ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Electoral Structure

It is far too early to talk with any real certainty about the mid-nineteenth century electoral structure. The very materials of which it was built are in dispute, let alone the shape of the edifice. A deference school of historians is challenging traditional notions of the growth of political individualism in the period, while so-called quantitative historians are beginning to question the assumptions and approach of both deference historians and traditionalists. Serious and detailed study of the questions involved has hardly begun. Still, some comment on the present state of the controversy may not be entirely out of place. An enduring interpretation can only be constructed of sound materials; and I am by no means certain of the soundness of some of those now being put forward for our use.W. O. Aydelotte, in a paper read a couple of years ago and soon to be published in a series of essays entitled The History of Parliamentary Behavior, notes the divergence of opinion among historians on the role of the electorate in shaping parliamentary opinion after 1832. As he rightly suggests, Norman Gash in his Politics in the Age of Peel appears to be of two minds on the subject, depending on whether one reads his introduction or his text. In the former Professor Gash stresses the increase of popular influence on Parliament, in the latter the continuance of traditional influences over the mass of the electorate. D. C. Moore comes down heavily on the side of the latter influences, contending that a relatively few leaders of what he has called “deference communities” represented effective electoral opinion, which was simply registered by the mass of the electorate.

The emergence and proliferation of the shaloput sect in the Pavlograd district of the Yekaterinoslav province (second half of the 19th century)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Special Scientific ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

Purpose. The article aims to highlight the history of the emergence and spread of the shaloput sect in the Pavlograd district of the Yekaterinoslav province. Research methodology. The methodological basis of the article is formed by the principles of historicism and objectivity, implemented using several methods: general logical (analysis and synthesis), as well as classification, comparative, and periodization methods. Scientific novelty. For the first time in Russian historiography, the subject of a special scientific study was the sect of pranksters and its activities in the Yekaterinoslav province. Based on missionary and police reports, the role of Grigory Shevchenko in the creation of the sect is considered, the area of ​​its distribution within the region is highlighted, the national and social composition of its members is determined. Conclusions. It has been established that Grigory Shevchenko brought in the Pavlograd district of the Yekaterinoslav province the shaloput doctrine from the southern Ukrainian regions, probably from the Tauride province. The sect he created was by its nature Christover or Khlyst. Its dogmas and ceremonial were of a pronounced mystical coloring. Grigory Shevchenko remained a completely independent leader of a group of his fellow believers, he did not belong to any more ramified community, and his community throughout its existence remained an autonomous unit. The attitude of the dignitaries of the Russian Orthodox Church and representatives of the secular authorities to the new religious organization was extremely negative. Various means of pressure were used against the sectarians: from forced interviews to sentences of the rural community and outright repression by punitive bodies.

Oral Sources and Social Differentiation in the Jaara Kingdom from the Sixteenth Century: A Methodological Approach

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 123-139
Author(s):  
Mamadou Diawara
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
Oral Literature ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The dawn of the history of the kingdom of Jaara, during the era of the Jawara dynasty (from the fifteenth to the mid-nineteenth century) is shaped by the story of Daaman Gille and his companions, the most important of whom is Jonpisugo. The lives of these two characters—linked up until their death at Banbagede, where their tombs are only a few hundred meters apart—were the subject of a rich oral literature, all the more noteworthy given the rarity of written documents.In my earlier work (Diawara 1985, 1989, 1990) I discussed the typology of narratives and the specific role of women servants as historians of their social group. The oral sources include family traditions from all social classes, except for recently acquired slaves; the recitals of professional narrators who were by heredity in the service of protector families whose history they proclaimed to the public; the narratives of servants, including the tanbasire, a collection of women's songs from among the royal servants, or the accounts of people who, with their ancestors, had long been slaves (cf. Diawara 1990).Historical chance brings together Daama and Jonpisugo, but their respective social standing differentiates them; just as “friendship” brings together the master and the servant, so the struggle for power leads to the birth of differences in the conception of “the things of the past” among their descendants. How is the past constructed and lived differently by their respective progeny or supposed descendants? What poetic license accrues to the offspring of he who was only a servant, even if he was a royal servant? The response to this question explains the dynamic of a particular servants' oral documentation.

Urban History of Overseas Migration in Habsburg Central Europe: Vienna and Budapest in the Late Nineteenth Century

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-351
Author(s):  
Markian Prokopovych
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Spatial Turn ◽  
Railway Stations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Police Detention

The complex routes taken by overseas migrants through nineteenth-century Central Europe included Vienna and Budapest as nodal points. In contrast to the ports of departure and arrival, and the role of labour migrants in urbanisation, the place of overseas migrants in larger urban histories of Vienna and Budapest remains largely unexplored. By using two case studies that represent the opposite sides on the spectrum of overseas travellers through Central Europe, this article aims to trace new directions such an exploration might take. Aiming to introduce the ‘spatial turn’ into the subject of overseas migration in Vienna and Budapest, it analyses how, on the local level, railway stations and the neighbouring areas functioned to accommodate shipping agencies, their agents and lodging houses, as well as the police, detention centres, and the local enterprise that helped to direct – facilitate or restrict – traffic through the urban fabric and between cities.

scholarly journals Slavic Antiquities and Forgeries as Means for the Shaping of Canons

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Róbert Kiss Szemán
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Chinese Translation ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

The study deals with the role of Slavic antiquities in the age of national revivals and with the forging of such antiquities. It discusses the subject of Slavic antiquities and forgeries in Central Europe, bringing in the cultural context of Western Europe as well. ‘Antiquity’ is understood to mean a kind of medium that conveyed textual or visual information. The collecting of antiquities became fashionable during the first decades of the 19th century and led to the need for antiquities to be described and categorized. In turn, antiquities served as corpuses for the shaping of modern national cultural canons. It contends that these artefacts, authentic and forged alike, played an important role in moulding the cultural canons of the Slavic nations in Central Europe. An antiquity's canonical value stemmed from its age most of all and an antiquity needed to be linked as specifically as possible to the history and culture of a given nation. The worth of an antiquity was further boosted when it could be connected with historical personages of great significance. Finally, the more mysterious the history of an antiquity, the greater the degree of speculation permissible in regard to interpretations of it. A forged antiquity is basically an objectification informed by the forger's thinking and imagination. A forgery bears not just marks characteristic of past times but also marks of the forger and those of the time in which the forgery was made. It is something which calls an entire system into question, thereby causing bewilderment. From this perplexity, only one phenomenon can derive benefit, namely, the national culture. Important among the motives for the forging of Slavic antiquities was the circumstance that framers of canons felt that the structures of their national cultures were incomplete. Researching the reasons for the forging, the study points out structural gaps in the canons in Central Europe as well as traumas stemming from forgeries. Using four examples taken from Kollár's oeuvre (the Poison Tree of Java, the Slavic idols of Prillwitz, the Queen's Court and Green Mountain manuscripts and Derzhavin's poem God in Japanese and Chinese translation) it presents the most common motives behind Slavic forgeries along with the kinds of fake most frequently encountered; it also shows the processes by which forgeries were exposed for what they were. These examples show that when Kollár worked with antiquities and fake antiquities, playing the imposter and pecuniary advantage were very far from him. On the other hand, as a philologist he became a prisoner of contemporary national canonical and emblematic structures.

Tracking Jesuit Psychologies

2018 ◽  
pp. 782-810
Author(s):  
Fernanda Alfieri
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Moral Theology ◽  
The Self ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter analyzes forms, meanings, and functions of psychology in the history of the Society of Jesus. Interpreted as an interest for the interior dimension of the subject, psychology is an implicit and multifaceted presence in the Ignatian order. The examination of the self is the first step for those who desire to enter the Society of Jesus, and the obedience imperative is a characterizing feature of the regulation in the Society. If psychology is given the meaning of the science of the soul as the life principle, then it can be tracked down not only in philosophical works providing the basics for the curriculum in the Jesuit colleges since the late sixteenth century but also in the coeval practical science of moral theology. Only after the late nineteenth century, with the emergence of experimental psychology, did the discipline obtain its own place in Jesuit episteme, between continuity and rupture.

Materials for the Reign of Alfonso X of Castile, 1252–84

1931 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 39-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn S. Procter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Good Work ◽  
Alfonso X ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Narrative Account

The historian Mariana, writing at the end of the sixteenth century, summed up the achievements of Alfonso X in the epigrammatic phrase Dumque cœlum considerat, observatque astra, terram amisit, and this conception of the king as a scholar incompetent to govern is, on the whole, still very generally accepted. More than a century later, the Marquis of Mondéjar, in his Memorias Históricas del Rey Don Alonso el Sabio, posthumously published in 1777, attempted a vindication of the king. His work is a narrative of the political history of the reign, based on the Crónica de Alfonso Décimo, a late and unreliable source, but the only narrative account of the reign that is of any length. Mondéjar was at pains to point out the contradictions and errors of the Crónica, and, wherever possible, to clear the king's reputation from its imputations. Since the beginning of the nineteenth century interest in Alfonso X has steadily increased. The publication of the text of his legal codes, and of collections of documents containing materials for this period, and the gathering together of records in the Archivo Histórico Nacional at Madrid have much facilitated the task of investigation. Some good work has recently been done on certain aspects of the subject. German and Spanish scholars have studied Alfonso's relations with Germany and Italy, arising out of his candidature for the Imperial crown; his relations with France have been elucidated, and much critical work has been carried out on his literary achievements. The publication of historical material, the specialized research of recent years, above all the advance in historical method and criticism, and the change in the fashion of historical writing which have taken place since Mondéjar's time have combined to make his work antiquated.

scholarly journals SEEING THE INVISIBLE. ANALYTICAL DRAWINGS BY CONSTRUCTION HISTORY PIONEERS. RESEARCH FIELD OVERVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 03-18
Author(s):  
Javier Giron ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Research Field ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Visual Model ◽  
History Of Construction ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Geographical Scope

Introduction: The history of construction is a discipline that began to take shape in the mid-18th century and throughout the 19th century. We as researchers need to pay particular attention to how drawing facilitated progress during this period. This article attempts to provide an overview of the above, which is currently lacking. Methods: In this study, two lines of investigation intersect: the history of construction and the history of drawing, specifically drawing for scientific and technical representation. The main goal is to identify the sources (authors, lines of investigation) relevant to this field, as well as to characterize the role of drawing in the authors’ work, and to describe the spread of drawing as nonverbal thinking. Results: We have identified a number of relevant authors, described their lines of research, and listed the functions fulfilled by drawing in each case. The functions include: hypothesizing about hidden structures, visualizing the construction processes, and providing a virtual definition for elements that make up a vault. We also review how some drawings acted as a visual model of the constructive reality, or how parallel drawings served as a reflection of the different buildings’ size and scale. Discussion: This overview adjusts some points of reference for a general picture. For having a complete understanding of the subject, it will be necessary to identify more sources and to extend the geographical scope of this search in the future. There is still much research to be done on the spread of the drawings in question.

scholarly journals Uwagi etymologiczne w dawnych tekstach użytkowych (na przykładzie Kroniki, to jest historyi świata Marcina Bielskiego, Informacyi matematycznej Wojciecha Bystrzonowskiego i Nowych Aten Benedykta Chmielowskiego)

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-105
Author(s):  
Dorota Kozaryn ◽  
Agnieszka Szczaus
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Entire World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The subject of the analysis in the article are the etymological explanations presented in the old non-literary texts (i.e. the texts that function primarily outside literature, serving various practical purposes), i.e. in the sixteenth-century Kronika, to jest historyja świata (Chronicle, that is the history of the entire world) by Marcin Bielski and in two eighteenth-century encyclopaedic texts: Informacyja matematyczna (Mathematical information) by Wojciech Bystrzonowski and Nowe Ateny (New Athens) by Benedykt Chmielowski. The review of the etymological comments allows us to take notice of their considerable substantive and formal diversity. These comments apply to both native and foreign vocabulary. On the one hand, they provide information on the origin of proper names (toponyms and anthroponyms), and on the other hand, a whole range of these etymological comments concern common names. A depth of etymological comments presented in non-literary texts is significantly diversified and independent of the nature of the vocabulary to which these comments apply – they can be merely tips on sources of borrowings of foreign words, but they can also constitute a deeper analysis of the meaning and structure of individual words, both native and foreign. These comments are usually implementations of folk etymology. The role of etymological considerations in former non-literary texts is significant. First of all, these texts have a ludic function, typical of popularised texts – they are supposed to surprise, intrigue and entertain readers. Secondly, they serve a cognitive function typical of non-literary texts – they are supposed to expand the readers’ knowledge about the world and language. Thirdly, they have a persuasive function, which is a distinctive feature of both popularised and non-literary texts – they are supposed to provoke the readers’ thoughts on the relationship between non-linguistic reality and the linguistic way of its interpretation, they also stimulate linguistic interests, which was particularly important in the past when the reflection on the native language was poor.

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