Influence of Structure and Chemical Composition on Thermal Softening of Palasan Canes (Calamus Merrillii)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-374
Author(s):  
Willie P. Abasolo ◽  
Masato Yoshida ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Takashi Okuyama
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Creep Compliance ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Thermal Softening ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Hemicellulose Content ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Area Percentage ◽  
High Cellulose

The influence of structure on the thermal softening of Palasan canes was evaluated using the creep compliance test. The canes revealed compliance curves similar to wood. Correlating the average compliance per temperature to ground parenchyma and fiber area percentage showed that the former promoted thermal softening while the latter inhibited it. This thermal response was highly affected by the ratio between the heat resistant cellulose and heat sensitive hemicellulose components of the cell wall. Ground parenchyma cells with high hemicellulose content favored thermal softening, while fibers with high cellulose content inhibited it. Therefore, the degree of thermal softening is dependent on the proportion of ground parenchyma present within the region. If the ground parenchyma percentage is high it is expected that the amount of softening will be large and vice versa.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of chemical composition of Miscanthus var. Soranovskii

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 00017
Author(s):  
Yulia A. Gismatulina ◽  
Vera V. Budaeva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
High Cellulose

The search for alternative sources of cellulose is currently getting special importance. Miscanthus holds promise as a cellulosic feedstock with a high potential for industrial-scale cultivation. The present study reports an analysis done for seven years of the chemical composition of the aboveground biomass of Miscanthus var. Soranovskii as a source for producing bioethanol. The aboveground biomass of Miscanthus was found to have a high cellulose content (about 50%), irrespective of the age, and it is therefore reasonable to utilize this cultivar for bioethanol production.

scholarly journals Comparison of colors, microstructure, chemical composition and thermal properties of bamboo fibers and parenchyma cells with heat treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieyu Wu ◽  
Tuhua Zhong ◽  
Wenfu Zhang ◽  
Jiangjing Shi ◽  
Benhua Fei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Bamboo Fibers

AbstractThe effects of heat treatment at various temperatures on mechanically separated bamboo fibers and parenchyma cells were examined in terms of color, microstructure, chemical composition, crystallinity, and thermal properties. The heat-treated parenchyma cells and fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), chemical composition analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results revealed that the colors of bamboo fibers and parenchyma cells were darkened as treatment temperature increased. The microstructure of the treated fibers and parenchyma cells slightly changed, yet the shape of starch granules in parenchyma cells markedly altered at a temperature of above 160 °C. The chemical compositions varied depending on the heat treatment temperature. When treated at 220 °C, the cellulose content was almost unchanged in fibers but increased by 15% in parenchyma cells; the hemicellulose content decreased and the lignin content increased regardless of fibers and parenchyma cells. The cellulose crystal structure was nearly unaffected by heat treatment, but the cellulose crystallinity of fibers changed more pronouncedly than that of parenchyma cells. The thermal stability of parenchyma cells after heat treatment was affected more substantially compared to fibers.

ETUDE HISTOLOGIQUE DE LA BIGARRURE NERVALE, DE LA GRISELURE DU LIMBE ET DE LA MEDIANE NOIRE, TROIS DESORDRES DU CHOU EN ENTREPOT

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 321-329
Author(s):  
L. S. BÉRARD ◽  
M. A. DUBUC-LEBREUX ◽  
J. VIETH
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Cytoplasmic Matrix ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
The Many

The evolution in storage of three physiological disorders of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) has been studied by means of histological tests done in situ or after fixation and staining. The tissues tested were sampled on necrotic and healthy parts from the three outer-head leaves of the susceptible cv. Safekeeper and of the resistant cv. Hitoma. The tissues affected by vein streaking, grey speck disease or black midrib showed a similar response to the many tests: the absence of lipids, lignin and suberin in the necrotic cells, but the presence of unidentified phenolic compounds, concomitantly with a modification of birefringence of the cell wall and an alteration of the cytoplasmic matrix. Vein streaking is associated with creases on the adaxial epidermis of the midrib, grey speck disease with abundant wax on the abaxial blade, and black midrib with large vesicles in the necrotic parenchyma cells of the midrib.Key words: Brassica oleracea var. capitata, chemical composition, cytology, pepper spot, physiological disorder, storage

Chemical Composition, Morphological Characteristics, and Cell Wall Structure of Malaysian Oil Palm Fibers

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. S. Abdul Khalil ◽  
M. Siti Alwani ◽  
R. Ridzuan ◽  
H. Kamarudin ◽  
A. Khairul
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Cell Wall Structure ◽  
Wall Structure

scholarly journals Functional Characterisation of the Poplar Atypical Aspartic Protease Gene PtAP66 in Wood Secondary Cell Wall Deposition

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1002
Author(s):  
Shenquan Cao ◽  
Cong Wang ◽  
Huanhuan Ji ◽  
Mengjie Guo ◽  
Jiyao Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Protease Gene ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Transcription Analysis ◽  
Functional Characterisation

Secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition is an important process during wood formation. Although aspartic proteases (APs) have been reported to have regulatory roles in herbaceous plants, the involvement of atypical APs in SCW deposition in trees has not been reported. In this study, we characterised the Populus trichocarpa atypical AP gene PtAP66, which is involved in wood SCW deposition. Transcriptome data from the AspWood resource showed that in the secondary xylem of P. trichocarpa, PtAP66 transcripts increased from the vascular cambium to the xylem cell expansion region and maintained high levels in the SCW formation region. Fluorescent signals from transgenic Arabidopsis plant roots and transiently transformed P. trichocarpa leaf protoplasts strongly suggested that the PtAP66-fused fluorescent protein (PtAP66-GFP or PtAP66-YFP) localised in the plasma membrane. Compared with the wild-type plants, the Cas9/gRNA-induced PtAP66 mutants exhibited reduced SCW thickness of secondary xylem fibres, as suggested by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data. In addition, wood composition assays revealed that the cellulose content in the mutants decreased by 4.90–5.57%. Transcription analysis further showed that a loss of PtAP66 downregulated the expression of several SCW synthesis-related genes, including cellulose and hemicellulose synthesis enzyme-encoding genes. Altogether, these findings indicate that atypical PtAP66 plays an important role in SCW deposition during wood formation.

Anatomy and Chemical Composition of Pinus Pinaster Bark

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Nunes ◽  
Teresa Quilhó ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Scale Type ◽  
Resin Ducts ◽  
Sieve Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

The secondary phloem of Pinus pinaster Aiton bark has sieve cells and axial and radial parenchyma, but no fibres. Resin ducts are present in fusiform rays . Stiloid crystals, starch granules and tannins occur inside sieve and parenchyma cells. The rhytidome of P. pinaster bark has a variable number of periderms forming scale-type discontinuous layers over expanded parenchyma cells. Phellem comprises 4-6 layers of thickwaIled and little suberized cells and phelloderm a layer of 2 or 3 thickened lignified ceIls and a layer of expanded cells.

Near Infrared Spectroscopy Estimation of Feeding Value of Forage Perennial Grasses in Breeding Programmes by Global and Specific Calibrations. Estimation of Chemical Composition and Digestibility

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Naydenova ◽  
P. Tomov ◽  
P. Dardenne
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Better Than

Near infrared (NIR) spectral analysis with a NIRSystems 6500 monochromator was applied to evaluate accuracy of predictive models for forage quality in clone breeding processes of the original Bulgarian varieties over different cuts and years. The varieties were the perennial grasses: Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Bromus inermis Leyss. Global calibrations for the 418 perennial grass samples and specific calibrations for each single grass species and internal cross-validations were performed by the PLS regression method. The effect of different spectral data pre-treatments was investigated on the residual standard errors of the NIR predictive models. Among 60 calibration equations, the model with the lowest SECV value was retained for each parameter in each database. No particular data pre-treatment was really better than the other ones. Generally, the best results of the global calibrations were obtained with SNVD and MSC. For the specific calibrations, SNVD and WMSC were the best treatments. In both cases, the first or second derivatives were needed after the first pre-treatment. Chemical composition and in vitro enzymatic digestibility of clones were predicted with accuracy similar to that of classical laboratory methods. For the cell wall component contents, the standard errors of cross-validation SECV(%DM) ranged from 0.49 for ADL ( Festuca) to 2.02 for NDF ( Dactylis). The digestibilities of dry and organic matter, IVDMD and IVOMD, were estimated with SECVs from 2.6 to 3.0%, the relative intake, from 0.06 to 0.09 rel% body weight and the relative feeding value, from 4.39 to 5.64 rel%. The global calibration models offer an acceptable accuracy for the estimation of the cell wall nutrient contents, the digestibility and the nutritive value. The standard errors of prediction of specific single species calibrations with smaller numbers of terms were lower in 60% of the cases than those obtained from the best global calibrations with higher numbers of terms. On average, SECVs from specific calibrations are better than those from global calibrations, but the differences are quite small, and for the prediction of totally new samples (new crops, another year), the global calibrations will detect less outlier samples. Even with very high variability between cuts and years, NIR spectroscopy is able via ANOVA GL Models to sort clones on their feeding value and to provide relevant information for the breeding programmes.

scholarly journals Cellulose Compound of Cacao Waste and Chemical Composition of Cacao Vinegar with GC-MS Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Wijaya. M ◽  
Muhammad Wiharto ◽  
Muhammad Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Butanoic Acid ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Eds Analysis ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Cocoa Shell

<p>Potential of cacao resources at Indonesian is very dependent on the production of cacao produced by farmers and plantation availability. However, the cacao processing results are still not optimal to increase the cacao production. This is due to the disruption of pests and the number of cacao farmers over land functions for fast growing plants. Processing cacao produced cacao waste and with the use of pyrolysis technology is able to cope with the accumulation of plantation waste. This combustion results in liquid smoke of cacao (cacao vinegar) into distillate, charcoal. This study used pyrolysis temperature between 100-500 °C. The aim of this research is to analyze the cocoa waste and the results are cellulose content 17,27%, lignin 52,02% and hemicellulose 19,56%. The results of GC-MS analysis for cacao vinegar of Distric Wajo are acetic acid, n butane, methyl ester, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, cyclopenanone, 2 methyl pyridine, acetyloxy 2 propanone, butyrolactone, tetrahydro 2 furan methanol, 2,3 dimethyl 2 cyclopentene 1 on and Mequinol. The water content of the charcoal of cacao shell from Wajo district is 3.42%. The analysis results of the bound carbon content of activated charcoal of cacao shell is 54.45%. The EDS analysis for cacao shell from Wajo district resulted in C: 61.12%, O: 36.65%, Si: 0.59%, P: 1.48% and Al: 0.17%. Utilization of cocoa shell waste using pyrolysis technology can reduce carbon emissions to the environment. So that the development of everything can continue and the sustainability of forest remain sustainable.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Effect of various pretreatments of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres for subsequent use as substrate on the performance of cellulase production by Aspergillus terreus

BioResources ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-307
Author(s):  
Mahdi Shahriarinour ◽  
Mohd Noor Abdul Wahab ◽  
Shuhaimi Mustafa ◽  
Rosfarizan Mohamad ◽  
Arbakariya B. Ariff
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Aspergillus Terreus ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Effective Microorganisms ◽  
Chemical Pretreatments ◽  
Main Components ◽  
High Cellulose

The possibility of using treated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibres as substrate for cellulase production by Aspergillus terreus was studied using shaking flask fermentation. The effect of different chemical pretreatments, i.e. formic acid, acetic acid, propylamine, phosphoric acid, and n-butylamine, on the suitability of OPEFB fibres as fermentation substrate was investigated. The findings revealed that pretreatment with these chemicals significantly (P<0.05) increased the cellulose and reduced the lignin contents prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. However, fermentation using OPEFB fibres pretreated with phosphoric acid gave the highest cellulase production, which was related to high cellulose content. Further improvement in cellulase production was obtained when the chemically pretreated OPEFB fibres were subsequently treated hydrothermally (autoclaved at 160oC for 10 min) and then biologically (using effective microorganisms). The final activity of the three main components of cellulase (FPase, CMCase, and β-glucosidase) obtained in fermentation by A. terreus using optimally treated OPEFB fibres was (0.77 U mL−1, 8.5 U mL-1, and 6.1 U mL-1), respectively. The production of all these three major components of cellulase using pretreated OPEFB fibres (i.e. chemical, hydrothermal, and biological) were about three times higher than those obtained from fermentation using untreated OPEFB fibres.

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