APPLICATION OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY TO THE EXTRACTED WOOD OF A DIVERSE RANGE OF SPECIES

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was applied to fifty-four species (59 samples in total) representing a diverse array of taxonomic affiliations, wood chemistry and physical properties. Acetone and ethanol were used to remove extractives from the wood samples used in this study. The extracted samples were characterized in terms of collapse-free density, microfibril angle and longitudinal modulus of elasticity (estimated using the collapse-free density and X-ray diffraction data obtained from Silvi- Scan-2). NIR spectra were obtained from the radial longitudinal face of each sample and used to generate calibrations for the measured physical properties. Extraction was found to improve the calibration statistics for all properties.

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APPLICATION OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY TO A DIVERSE RANGE OF SPECIES DEMONSTRATING WIDE DENSITY AND STIFFNESS VARIATION

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000386 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 415-429 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Laurence Schimleck ◽

Robert Evans ◽

Jugo Ilic

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Mixed Species ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Wide Range ◽

Longitudinal Modulus

The application of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to a large number of mixed species that display extremely wide variations in wood chemistry, anatomy and physical properties, is described. The mixed species samples were characterized in terms of density, longitudinal modulus of elasticity and microfibril angle. NIR spectra were obtained from the radial / longitudinal face of each sample and used to generate calibrations for the measured physical properties. The calibrations developed for density and longitudinal modulus of elasticity had the highest coefficients of determination (R2) and demonstrated that it is possible to develop general calibrations for these important wood properties across a wide range of species.The mixed species calibrations were used to estimate wood properties of two species, Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T. Baker and Pinus radiata D.Don. The results obtained for density and longitudinal modulus of elasticity indicated that mixed species calibrations can be used to rank trees. In practice the extreme variation of samples selected for this study would not be required. It is expected that refinement of calibrations, through sample selection, would provide more accurate prediction of physical properties.

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Microfibril Angle Prediction of Pinus Taeda Wood Samples Based on Tangential Face Nir Spectra

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001613 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

L.R. Schimleck ◽

E. Sussenbach ◽

G. Leaf ◽

P.D. Jones ◽

C.L. Huang

Keyword(s):

Pinus Taeda ◽

Loblolly Pine ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Individual Growth ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Pine Wood ◽

X Ray

The use of calibrated near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for predicting the microfibril angle (MFA) of Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) wood samples is described. NIR spectra were collected from the tangential face of earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) sections cut from eleven P. taeda radial strips. The MFA of these sections was measured using X-ray diffraction. Calibrations for MFA were determined using all samples combined, EW only and LW only. Relationships were good, with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.86 (EW) to 0.91 (LW). A calibration for MFA based on NIR spectra collected from sections of 8 strips was used to predict the MFA of sections from the remaining 3 strips. Prediction statistics were strong (R2p = 0.81, SEP= 5.2 degrees, RPDp = 2.23) however errors were greater than those reported previously for studies based on NIR spectra collected from the radial-longitudinal face. The results presented in this study demonstrate that it is possible to use tangential face NIR spectra to determine MFA variation for EW and LW within individual growth rings.

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Estimation of Microfibril Angle and Stiffness by near infrared Spectroscopy using sample sets having Limited wood Density Variation

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000109 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 175-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Laurence R. Schimleck ◽

Robert Evans ◽

P. David Jones ◽

Richard F. Daniels ◽

Gary F. Peter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Pinus Taeda ◽

Loblolly Pine ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Radiata Pine ◽

Density Variation ◽

Density Range ◽

Wood Stiffness

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy offers a rapid method for the estimation of microfibril angle (MFA) and SilviScan-estimated wood stiffness (EL(SS)). The success of these NIR calibrations may be related to airdry density, because density varies in wood simultaneously with MFA and stiffness. The importance of density variation was investigated by developing calibrations for MFA and EL(SS) using Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) and Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) sample sets where the density range was small and the relationships between density and MFA and density and EL(SS) were poor. Excellent calibrations for MFA and EL(SS) were obtained, particularly when sets had densities greater than 500 kg/m3, can provide strong relationships for MFA and stiffness even when density variation is limited. Examination of loading plots from the MFA and EL(SS) calibrations indicates that variation in wood components such as cellulose, lignin and possibly hemicellulose is important.

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Boron Carbide-Based Ceramics Via Polymer Route Synthesis

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-249-15 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 249 ◽

Author(s):

Haixing Zheng ◽

Kevin Thorne ◽

J.D. Mackenzie ◽

Xiaoguang Yang ◽

M.F. Hawthome

Keyword(s):

Thermal Analysis ◽

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

High Temperature ◽

Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Boron Carbide ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Polymeric Precursors ◽

X Ray ◽

Crystalline Boron

ABSTRACTBoron carbide is a ceramic material with excellent high temperature physical properties. As compared to conventional techniques, the preparation of boron carbide from polymeric precursors is attractive as this technique offers a number of unique advantages. In this paper, the screening of polymeric precursors to boron carbide will be discussed. Two promising boron carbide, carborane containing polymeric precursors have resulted in 60-70 wt.% ceramic yields. The chemistry of polymer synthesis and the transformations from the polymer to amorphous and crystalline boron carbide were investigated with infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and x ray diffraction.

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What you see and what you get: combining near-infrared spectroscopy with powder diffraction

Powder Diffraction ◽

10.1017/s0885715617000884 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (S2) ◽

pp. S3-S8

Author(s):

Helen E. Maynard-Casely ◽

Norman Booth ◽

Leo Anderberg ◽

Helen E.A. Brand ◽

Daniel V. Cotton

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Surface Composition ◽

Planetary Surfaces ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Near Ir ◽

Infra Red ◽

Terrestrial Environments

Knowledge of the surface composition of planetary bodies comes from a number of sources; such as landers, remote sensing and meteorites. However, the bulk mapping of the composition of planetary surfaces has been undertaken by analysis of reflected sunlight and these data—principally collected in the near-infra-red (IR) region—are notoriously broad and ambiguous. Hence, if laboratory spectra could be tied to physical properties measurements, such as diffraction, this would substantially aid our understanding of processes occurring in these extra-terrestrial environments. This contribution presents the capability of collecting near-IR data at the same time as neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a range of conditions (low temperature, vacuum, and humidity variations) and highlights two examples where this capability could enhance our understanding of planetary surfaces.

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Determination of the Polymorphic Forms of Bicifadine Hydrochloride by Differential Scanning Calorimetry—Thermogravimetric Analysis, X-Ray Powder Diffraction, Attenuated Total Reflectance—Infrared Spectroscopy, and Attenuated Total Reflectance—Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Applied Spectroscopy ◽

10.1366/000370205774783322 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 59 (11) ◽

pp. 1365-1371 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Patrick McArdle ◽

Karen Gilligan ◽

Desmond Cunningham ◽

Alan Ryder

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Powder Diffraction ◽

Density Functional ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽

Total Reflectance ◽

X Ray ◽

Polymorphic Forms

The pharmaceutical compound bicifadine hydrochloride, which has been found to crystallize in two polymorphic forms, has been characterized by thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. A series of 22 sample mixtures of polymorph 1 and polymorph 2 were prepared and calibration models for the quantitation of these binary mixtures have been developed for each of the XRPD, attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-IR, and ATR-NIR analytical techniques. The quantitative results were obtained using a partial least squares (PLS) algorithm, which predicted the concentration of polymorph 1 from the XRPD spectra with a root mean standard error of prediction (RMSEP) of 4.4%, from the IR spectra with a RMSEP of 3.8%, and from the NIR spectra with a RMSEP of 1.4%. The studies indicate that when analyses are carried out on equivalent sets of spectra, NIR spectroscopy offers significant advantages in quantitative accuracy as a tool for the determination of polymorphs in the solid state and is also more convenient to use than both the ATR-IR and XRPD methods. Density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP calculations and IR spectral simulation have been used to determine the nature of the vibrational modes that are the most sensitive in the analysis.

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Stichtite: a review

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.2013.048.4.10 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 143-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

F. L. Theiss ◽

G. A. Ayoko ◽

R. L. Frost

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Microprobe Analysis ◽

Electron Microprobe Analysis ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Geological Origin ◽

Double Hydroxide ◽

The Ideal

AbstractStichtite is a naturally occurring layered double hydroxide (LDH) with the ideal chemical formula Mg6Cr2CO3(OH)16.4H2O. It has received less attention in the literature than other LDHs and is often described as a rare mineral; however, abundant deposits of the mineral do exist. In this article we aim to review a number of significant publications concerning the mineral stichtite, including papers covering the discovery, geological origin, synthesis and characterizsation of stichtite. Characterization techniques reviewed include powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), thermogravimetry (TG) and electron microprobe analysis.

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A comparative study of the use of powder X-ray diffraction, Raman and near infrared spectroscopy for quantification of binary polymorphic mixtures of piracetam

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis ◽

10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.013 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 63 ◽

pp. 80-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Denise M. Croker ◽

Michelle C. Hennigan ◽

Anthony Maher ◽

Yun Hu ◽

Alan G. Ryder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray

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High Resolution Scanning of Radial Strips cut from Increment Cores by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001657 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 473-484 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

P. David Jenes ◽

Laurence R. Schimleck ◽

Chi-Leung So ◽

Alexander Clark III ◽

Richard F. Daniels

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

High Resolution ◽

Spatial Resolution ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

High Spatial Resolution ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Wood Property ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Wood Properties

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a rapid method for the determination ofwood properties of radial strips. The spatial resolution of the NIR measurements has generally been limited to sections 10mm wide and as a consequence the estimation of wood properties of individual rings or within rings has not been possible. Many different NIR instruments can be used to collect NIR spectra from the surface of radial strips at relatively high spatial resolution and the purpose of this study was to compare wood property calibrations obtained using NIR spectra collected in 5 mm and 2 mm seetions with several different NIR instruments. We found that calibrations based on spectra collected in 5 mm seetions had good statistics, with those based on the Bruker Vector 22/N spectrometer the strongest. Of the three properties examined (density, microfibril angle and stiffness), density had the weakest statistics. When the spatial resolution was decreased to 2 mm, calibration and prediction statistics were weaker than those at 5 mm. RPDp's were relatively low with the highest being 1.76 for predicted stiffness based on NIR spectra obtained using the ASD Field Spec Pro spectrometer. Based on the low RPDp's, we conclude that none of the instruments examined were suitable for scanning radial strips at a spatial resolution of 2 mm.

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