Theology of Religions

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-107
Author(s):  
Graham Adams
Keyword(s):  
Political Systems ◽  
Theology Of Religions ◽  
The Third

Abstract Adams maps and analyses the field of ‘theology of religions’ (ToR) and its various typologies, examining the assumptions in how religion is assessed. The purpose is to identify how contributions to ToR select and deselect material and trajectories, editing according to presuppositions and interests. Adams’ analysis consciously relies on Andrew Shanks’ Hegelian notion of ‘truth-as-openness’ (divine hospitality) as it illuminates three dynamics, or ‘scandals’, within ToR. The first, concerned with how a religion’s particularity or identity is constructed, is subdivided between ‘particularity transcended’ and ‘particularity re-centred’, along the lines of Jenny Daggers’ postcolonial insights. The second concerns the interactions when one religion engages an Other’s strangeness, and the third is concerned with how religions aim to transform socio-political systems which feign or obstruct universality, so to effect ever greater solidarity. The text notes key trends, beyond Christianity and including deepening interdisciplinarity, and potential developments from a critical but constructive standpoint.

Liberal Rhetoric and Colonial Violence, 1920–1939

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-86
Author(s):  
Laura Robson
Keyword(s):  
League Of Nations ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Ethnic Identities ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Primary Mode ◽  
The Third ◽  
Zionist Movement ◽  
Colonial Violence ◽  
Political Structures

The third chapter looks at the imposition of European colonial rule via the mandates system in the former Arab provinces. It focuses particularly on the League of Nations’ formal legitimization of European colonial rule across the region and Zionist settlement in Palestine, and the subsequent creation and enforcement of new communal and ethnic identities through new colonial legal and political systems across the mandate territories. Though many varieties of nationalist resistance to colonial occupation and mandate authority emerged during this period, the successes of the Zionist movement in Palestine and the ethno-communal legal and political structures of all the mandate states served to encourage the emergence of communally based political organization as a primary mode of anti-colonial resistance.

Consociational Democracy

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arend Lijphart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Consociational Democracy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Democratic Systems

In Gabriel A. Almond's famous typology of political systems, first expounded in 1956, he distinguishes three types of Western democratic systems: Anglo-American political systems (exemplified by Britain and the United States), Continental European political systems (France, Germany, and Italy), and a third category consisting of the Scandinavian and Low Countries. The third type is not given a distinct label and is not described in detail; Almond merely states that the countries belonging to this type “combine some of the features of the Continental European and the Anglo-American” political systems, and “stand somewhere in between the Continental pattern and the Anglo-American.” Almond's threefold typology has been highly influential in the comparative analysis of democratic politics, although, like any provocative and insightful idea, it has also been criticized. This research note will discuss the concept of “consociational democracy” in a constructive attempt to refine and elaborate Almond's typology of democracies.

Local Authority and the SS State: The Conflict over Population Policy in Danzig-West Prussia, 1939–1945

1969 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert S. Levine
Keyword(s):  
National Socialism ◽  
Political System ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
The Third ◽  
Internal Policy ◽  
The Third Reich

The notion that Hitler's Third Reich was a monolithic and efficient dictatorship has by now been safely buried, although it may persist in the popular imagination. This essay is intended as a contribution to the newer phase of the historical postmortem on National Socialism, the attempt to trace the precise mechanism of decision-making and internal policy-diversion in the Third Reich. Distortion of policy, as the result of disagreements among leaders or of bureaucratic sabotage, is a feature common to all modern political systems. In the grim context of the Third Reich, all attempts to distort or divert policy which tended to ameliorate inhuman aspects of Hitler's rule have been dignified by the term “resistance.” This study will show that successful local resistance was possible, even to the SS, perhaps the most powerful political force in the wartime Reich. The inquiry has its juridical aspects, since admission of the existence of successful resistance to policies and organizations declared by international and German courts to have been criminal, resistance even by those who accepted the basic premises of the regime, implies a varied distribution of criminal guilt. This distribution will not be attempted here, but the judicial analogy should not be forgotten. The historian is relieved of the responsibility of passing sentence, but, like the judge, he is concerned with more than the determination of individual actions. An understanding of the political system of Hitler's state requires as well an investigation of motivation.

Who Benefits From Regional Economic Integration?

2018 ◽  
pp. 97-115
Author(s):  
Ina Kayser
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Regional Economic Integration ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Functional Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Regions

This chapter analyses ASEAN as an example of regional economic integration throughout the decades. ASEAN was founded as a means of stability in a region with great threats to regional security. Its member states could hardly vary more in terms of economic impact, political systems, and culture. Nonetheless, ASEAN became one of the most vibrant economic regions in the world following its own ASEAN Way. This chapter analyzes the shift from a security-focused functional community toward a successful economic cooperation. Since its formation, ASEAN's development was driven by its rhetorical strength rather than the actual implementation of measures. Nonetheless, as of today, ASEAN managed to partly overcome this rhetoric dilemma, becoming the third largest market worldwide.

Commentary the Forged Relationship: Bill Roberts and the Gambia

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-41
Author(s):  
Jeanne Simonelli
Keyword(s):  
White Men ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
The Third ◽  
Kwame Nkrumah

A painting once hung in the ante-room of former President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. In it, Nkrumah fights with the last chains of colonialism. In the midst of storm and quaking earth, three tiny figures are fleeing, all white men. The first is a capatalist, carrying a briefcase; the second carries a bible; and the third holds a book, African Political Systems. He is the anthropologist, the last of the colonial oppressors.

scholarly journals Ethno-territorial Protest Movements and the Politics of Accommodation in Centralized and Decentralized Political Systems

1969 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Lammert
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Political System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Third ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Economic Modernization ◽  
Centralization And Decentralization

The main purpose of the paper is to explain the divergent paths of development of ethno-territorial protest movements in modern democratic political systems. By focusing on the interaction between these movements and the state, the different systems of accommodation between the relevant regional and central elites will be analyzed. The study concentrates on the case studies of Québec (Canada) and Corsica (France). The paper is divided into three parts. The first part describes the traditional systems of accommodation in France and Canada. The second part is focused on the process of socio-economic modernization in the 1950s and 1960s in those countries that threatened the established patterns of elite accommodation. The third part deals with the consequences for the established patterns of elite-accommodation and new concepts of territorial management that the central states tried to establish. By looking at the different degrees of centralization and decentralization in the mentioned political systems, the question of access to the political system by new social and political actors will be discussed in detail.

scholarly journals KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING THE AIR TRANSPORT IN BULGARIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 725-730
Author(s):  
Galina Todorova
Keyword(s):  
Human Factor ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Flight Safety ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
The Third ◽  
Main Factors

Bulgaria has a significant background in the sector of air transport. It is one of the first countries in Europe to develop air transport. The latter eventually goes through three political systems: the Third Bulgarian Tsardom, socialist Bulgaria and the so-called democratic Bulgaria after 1989. An extensive period of time with its ups and downs, hardship and struggle to prove its place and remain on the market. The years of Bulgaria's political and economic transition from a socialist planned economy to a market economy have brought our country to a number of challenges and have created a number of problems related to property shifts, infrastructure problems and facilities in the transport sector, and in particular in air transport. During this period, the ownership of our international airports and airlines was restructured through a number of privatization deals, with new "players" emerging on the economic scene, while others went bankrupt and went out of circulation, as the state-owned airline BGA "Balkan" whose name and logo were recognizable the whole world. Many of the existing and built air transport sites were closed due to poor organization and financial resources. In addition to these events, air transport was hit by a serious political crisis where airspace of neighboring countries was very often violated due to military action in Syria, and the efforts of our specialized bodies focused on flight safety and safety. In addition, our country was economically covered by the global financial crisis.In order to promote the development and competitiveness of the sector, the factors that affect it must be taken into consideration.The main purpose of this paper is to outline the crucial for the development of air transport factors.The tasks we have undertaken to reveal the purpose of this research relate to such issues as the human factor, regulations, international airports and domestic licensed passenger and cargo airlines. Our main proposition is that to create and promote a competitive air transport, all the main factors like quality staff, synchronized regulations, licensed airports and airlines, must be compatible. If this can be achieved, more and more people in the country will opt for air transport rather than other means of transport.

Law, Politics and the Courts

1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (x) ◽  
pp. 21-40
Author(s):  
Yves Meny
Keyword(s):  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
The Third ◽  
Democratic Principle

In Montesquieu’s triad of legislative, executive, and judicial powers, the third element has long been the weakest. This imbalance in Western institutions, or at least in the European democracies, results from the fact that the democratic principle (of national or popular sovereignty) and the representative principle (that Parliament rules supreme) have long been regarded as more important than the third liberal principle underlying Western political systems, that of the moderation and separation of powers.

Deliberating Animals

2019 ◽  
pp. 216-236
Author(s):  
Eva Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Deliberative Democracy ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
The Third ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Interspecies Encounters ◽  
Animal Agency

In the final chapter, the author discusses how deliberation between human and non-human animals already takes place and how it can be improved, using a systemic perspective on deliberative democracy. The goal of this chapter is to bridge the distance between existing human/non-human animal dialogues at a micro-level, and human political systems. The author first discusses examples of dialogues between human and non-human animals in the animal studies literature. While these examples do justice to individual non-human animal agency, they do not challenge power relations and anthropocentrism at a macro-level. The second section of this chapter therefore turns the focus to deliberative theory. The author analyzes the relation between democratic inclusion and different forms of speech, focusing on non-human animal languages and the embodied and habitual character of political communication in order to incorporate non-human animal voices. In the third section, the author argues for taking into account the temporal, spatial, material, and relational dimensions of the interaction. Section four moves to translate these insights into existing democratic mechanisms by investigating the relevance of the systemic turn in deliberative democracy for incorporating non-human animal agency and interspecies encounters in existing democratic structures.

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