Back to the Roots: The Imperial City of Shenyang as a Symbol of the Manchu Ethnic Identity of the Qing Dynasty

At the UNESCO meeting held in Suzhou on the 2nd of July 2004, the Imperial City of Shenyang was listed as a World Cultural Heritage Site, so that now it is recorded together with the Forbidden City of Beijing as one single item: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Ming Qing gongdian 明清宮殿. Nevertheless, the importance of Shenyang Palace is not at all due to its similarity to the one in Beijing. The part of the Shenyang Imperial City built before the Manchu conquest of Beijing in 1644 mirrors the culture of the Manchu people and the institutions of its rulers in its architectural style. The part built during Qianlong’s reign, on the other hand, is evidence of the devotion of Later Qing emperors (from Kangxi to Daoguang) towards their ancestors and their Manchu origins. At the same time, the palace also reflects the sinicization of the Manchus and the merging of the two different cultures and institutional systems, both in some of its buildings and in its whole. These two aspects clearly distinguish the Palace from the Forbidden City and confer it with immense historical and cultural value. It is, therefore, from these points of view that I will deal with Shenyang Imperial City in this paper, whose purpose is to demonstrate how the palace is a symbol of the origins and the history of China’s last dynasty. The most ancient sources I will base my work on are Qing shilu 清實錄 (I will mainly refer to the sections regarding the Qing emperors from Nurhaci to Qianlong) and Manwen laodang 滿文老檔, which is a source of the utmost importance for the study of Qing history before the conquest of Beijing.

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Old Aleppo: Upgrading an Historic Residential Environment

Open House International ◽

10.1108/ohi-04-2006-b0012 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 90-94

Author(s):

Adli Qudsi

Keyword(s):

Cultural Heritage ◽

Residential Environment ◽

Heritage Site ◽

Complex Process ◽

Old City ◽

History Of ◽

World Cultural Heritage ◽

The Subject

The Old City of Aleppo, a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site, a living town of 110,000 inhabitants residing in thousands of historical courtyard houses and an important commercial centre is now the subject of an internationally recognized rehabilitation scheme. This paper describes the history of this project and identifies a series of lessons to be learnt about the complex process of rehabilitation in a living historic environment.

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Modern Theories of Wisdom: Literature Review

Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series “Psychology” ◽

10.17721/bsp.2020.2(12).6 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 34-37

Author(s):

Veronika Kondratieva ◽

Illia Zarubin

Keyword(s):

Procedural Knowledge ◽

Life Experience ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

The Other ◽

Wisdom Literature ◽

Emotional Life ◽

History Of ◽

General Difference ◽

The One ◽

Different Cultures

The article presents a theoretical analysis of modern theories of wisdom, considers the formation and essence of the concept of wisdom in psychology. At the end of the twentieth century, the interest of psychologists in the subject of wisdom began to grow. Wisdom as a concept is integral to any society, culture and time, it reveals those qualities of personality that help a person to be realized. The concept of wisdom requires theoretical justification and empirical research. In general, there are two main concepts of wisdom: one affirms the affective qualities more or less with the cognitive, inherent in man; the other focuses precisely on cognitive and reflexive abilities, ignoring emotional life. This typification has proved itself in several planes. In the history of philosophy, the understanding of wisdom had both an affective and a cognitive character, represented by East and West. Empirical studies of implicit concepts of wisdom conducted in recent years indicate the variability of perception of wisdom. In the East, the concept of wisdom is less analytical and more psychological than in the West, which requires an understanding not only of the intellectual, but also of the sensual (emotions, intuition, etc.). Cross-cultural empirical studies confirm the general difference in the perception of wisdom in different cultures. The influence of age on the manifestations of wisdom in humans should be noted separately. Research has shown that age negatively affects the intellectual component of wisdom, but is neutral to procedural knowledge. On the one hand, with age a person acquires experience that can interpret and extract new procedural knowledge from him. On the other hand, the fact that a person has life experience does not determine a person’s qualitative interpretation of what happened to him. The age factor cannot be decisive in becoming wise.

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http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/178

Habibia Islamicus ◽

10.47720/hi.2021.0501u06 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 83-104

Author(s):

Humera Naz ◽

Keyword(s):

Cultural Context ◽

Basic Element ◽

Islamic Architecture ◽

Architectural Style ◽

Religious Buildings ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

The One ◽

Islamic Faith ◽

Islamic Civilization

There is no doubt that there is no corner of civilization in which Muslims have not made significant progress. But most of his accomplishments are reflected in the architecture and its supporting arts. The one and a half thousand year history of Islam is in fact the history of the rise of Islamic architecture. Muslims decorated a large part of the world with beautiful buildings in different periods of their rule. Thus, at different times, Islamic architecture took different forms. Among them, there is diversity due to the differences in the country and the buildings, which is due to the climate, environment and construction issues of this country. But despite this, there is unity and continuity in Islamic architecture. This is a feature of Islamic civilization. In spite of their diversity, Islamic civilization has allowed fusion in all of them, which we call Islamic colors. And the basic element of this unity was the Islamic faith which united the different nations in this one faith. Due to which, whatever religious buildings are built in any part of the world in the future, they are all the same, which was not affected by time and distance. Every building has its own uniqueness. These Islamic buildings have a deep Muslim imprint. This is due to the architectural style and decorative carvings of these buildings and these carvings have a spiritual aspect which has its own distinct identity of Islamic architecture. At the same time, it is a valuable asset that still reflects Islamic civilization. In our article, we have examined this unity of Islamic architecture in a cultural context.

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Researching the History of Chinese Logic

Asian Studies ◽

10.4312/as.2021.9.2.105-120 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 105-120

Author(s):

Qingtian Cui

Keyword(s):

Present Article ◽

20Th Century ◽

Chinese Philosophy ◽

The Other ◽

Chinese Society ◽

The Qing Dynasty ◽

History Of ◽

The One ◽

Chinese Logic ◽

Short Presentation

During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the progressive intellectuals, who were confronted with the all-embracing crisis of Chinese society, yearned to find the new truth within the Western ideas on the one hand, and the works of the classical Chinese philosophy of the pre-Qin era on the other. These social and historical circumstances started the research into the history of Chinese logic. In the process of these investigations, it soon became clear that more appropriate methodologies were needed to explore Chinese logic, as those used for researching Western logic were not suitable for the task. The revival and modernization of such methods took place in the latter half of the 20th century, and one of the most important figures in these processes was Professor Wen Gongyi, who was hence one of the pioneers of modern research into the history of Chinese logic. Therefore, the present article also offers a short presentation of his biography and his contributions to the development of the research into traditional Chinese logic.

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The Bracing Vaults of Millenium: History of the Hagia Sophia of Constantinople Through the Prism of Pitirim Sorokin’s Integral Methodology

Economic Strategies ◽

10.33917/es-8.174.2020.100-105 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 144 ◽

pp. 100-105

Author(s):

Marina V. Lomonosova ◽

Keyword(s):

World Heritage Site ◽

Cultural Significance ◽

Social Functions ◽

Heritage Site ◽

Unesco World Heritage Site ◽

Historical Dynamics ◽

The Status ◽

History Of ◽

Hagia Sophia ◽

The One

Historic decision to return to Hagia Sophia the status of a mosque once again proved that its history cycle has reached a new stage: from Byzantine temple — to the Ottoman mosque — through the UNESCO World Heritage Site — to the great Hagia Sophia mosque. In case of studying the historical dynamics of status, cultural significance and social functions of Hagia Sophia, the integral macrosociological theory of P.A. Sorokin is the most relevant and has got sufficient heuristic potential. The history of Hagia Sophia has been influenced and is still being affected by rhythmic sequence of three super-systems: ideational, idealistic and sensual. It's on the one hand. On the other hand, Hagia Sophia is not only an architectural object, which in its historical dynamics has passed a difficult way from a Christian temple to a mosque, but above all — one of the main means for expressing the set of values of the ideational cultural supersystem.

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PENGARUH GAYA ARSITEKTUR BANGUNAN INDIS TERHADAP ASPEK SOSIAL DAN BUDAYA MASYARAKAT KABUPATEN BOYOLALI

Haluan Sastra Budaya ◽

10.20961/hsb.v3i1.26408 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Ibnu - Rustamaji

Keyword(s):

Social Impact ◽

Major Influence ◽

City Development ◽

Cultural Impact ◽

City Center ◽

Architectural Style ◽

History Of ◽

Different Cultures ◽

The Impact ◽

The City

This research aims to find out the problems of the architectural Style of the Indis in Boyolali 1910 – 1915 who stay in city center and affected by the existence of the Boyolali village from socio-cultural. The problems related to this study are knowing the background of the history of Boyolali City, development of the architectural style of the building Indis, and social and cultural impact of the architectural style of the building Indis in boyolali. Based on the problem above, this research uses methods of historical research in the form of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results are that architecture of Indis have a major influence on the dynamics of Boyolali which tmeeting of two different cultures between European and indigenous cultures. Indis architectural style buildings in Boyolali can be seen in the city center in Pandanaran street Boyolali, and around Merapi and Merbabu street. Appearence architectural style Indis resulting cultural and social impact in the community. The impact of culture reflected in language, sciene and architecture. Social impact on the emergency of class and social status based on architectural style residence, Indis style and education.

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The Politics of History in the Late Qing Era: William A. P. Martin and a History of International Law for China

Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d histoire du droit international ◽

10.1163/15718050-12340152 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (2-3) ◽

pp. 269-305

Author(s):

Maria Adele Carrai

Keyword(s):

International Law ◽

Ancient China ◽

Christian Mission ◽

Late Qing ◽

The Qing Dynasty ◽

Politics Of History ◽

History Of ◽

Chinese Scholars ◽

History Of International Law ◽

The One

Abstract In the light of 19th-century attempts to universalize history and international law, the purpose of this article is to show how the theory of an Ancient Chinese international law matured and disseminated within one politics of history and helped generate another at the end of the Qing Dynasty. On the one hand, the middleman William Alexander Parsons Martin, who as part of his Christian mission and in order to make international law more acceptable to the Chinese, translated systematically international law into Chinese and attempted to universalize it by finding a proto-international law in Ancient China. On the other hand, Chinese scholars and officials sought to use Martin’s theory to universalize Confucianism and rectify international law according to what they believed to be their own superior morality and history.

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DIFUSIÓN DEL ARTE RUPESTRE A TRAVÉS DE APLICACIONES MÓVILES DE REALIDAD AUMENTADA: UN ENFOQUE PRÁCTICO

Proceedings - 1st Congress in Geomatics Engineering - CIGeo ◽

10.4995/cigeo2017.2017.6598 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Silvia Blanco Pons ◽

José Luis Lerma

Keyword(s):

Rock Art ◽

World Heritage Site ◽

Cultural Value ◽

The Real ◽

Additional Information ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Heritage Site ◽

The One ◽

The Mediterranean Basin

Rock art of the Mediterranean Basin of the Iberian Peninsula was declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO, it has an outstanding cultural value hence its dissemination is essential. Over the years, rock art paintings have been deteriorated and even some have disappeared. Consequently, it is quite difficult to recognise them in situ without experts. At this point, non-invasive and novel techniques can offer great potential, on the one hand, avoiding direct contact with the surface promoting its conservation, and on the other hand, through dissemination and analysis of these elements. One of the most promising techniques is Augmented Reality (AR). By means of AR applications, the visitor can see any kind of virtual content related to cultural heritage, through its mobile or tablet screen. Thus, any virtual content that is considered of interest can be added, offering in this way additional information that complements the real element. In this study, two approaches are presented for the rock art dissemination of the Cova dels Cavalls. The first is based on a marker recognition, which launches the application that displays an image of the motif and a descriptive text about it. In the second proposal, the camera device recognises the real image of the painting and the virtual information is overlapped. The study aims at evaluating the use of these AR techniques applied to rock art dissemination and shows the methodology for its development.http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIGeo2017.2017.6598

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FROM THE EXTRAORDINARY NATURE OF THE GREAT POMPEII PROJECT TO PLANNED CONSERVATION

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-867-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol XLII-2/W11 ◽

pp. 867-871

Author(s):

A. Mauro

Keyword(s):

Cultural Heritage ◽

Heavy Rainfall ◽

Environmental Risks ◽

The Other ◽

Wall Paintings ◽

Archaeological Data ◽

Heritage Site ◽

The World ◽

World Cultural Heritage ◽

The One

Abstract. The Archaeological Park of Pompeii promotes the most advanced methodologies in preservation, conservation, research, and the promotion of public use of the site. The Great Project Pompeii (GPP), as is evident, has intervened ‘strategically’ on the entire site: on the one hand stabilising the Regiones, on the other hand mitigating the hydrogeological risk of the plateaus and securing the excavation fronts; in addition the GPP has improved accessibility levels. Coping with environmental risks (seismic, volcanic and hydrogeological) is one of the main challenges of the Archaeological Park. First, seismic and volcanic phenomena constitute a major issue in the Pompeii area, embodied by the dormant Mt. Vesuvius. Second, the marked difference in height between the level of the ancient town and that of the unexcavated area, spanning about 22&thinsp;ha, exerts a strong pressure over the ancient structures and may imply a serious danger of landslides in case of hazard events (seismic and volcanic phenomena or heavy rainfall). These dangers seriously jeopardise the protection of ancient structures and wall-paintings, with subsequent risks to the world cultural heritage site. For this reason, an urgent program of conservation, maintenance, and restoration has been undertaken as part of the Great Pompeii Project. The computerisation of archaeological data is among the most current topics of interest for the management of Cultural Heritage. The Information System (GPP-IS), created with the Plan of the Knowledge of the Great Pompeii Project (GPP), has allowed the creation of a unique knowledge tool for the entire city of Pompeii.

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The Woman Who Invented Notepaper: Towards a Comparative Historiography of Paper and Print

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland ◽

10.1017/s1356186311000186 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 199-210

Author(s):

T. H. BARRETT

Keyword(s):

Historical Record ◽

Minor Role ◽

Historical Writing ◽

Paper Making ◽

European Experience ◽

History Of ◽

European Standards ◽

The One ◽

A Minor ◽

Different Cultures

AbstractComparative writing about the history of science and technology in different cultures tends to assume that differences in the ways in which these cultures write their histories are not important. But this is unlikely to be the case. The comparative lack of historical writing about printing in China by European standards should not in itself lead us to conclude that print only played a minor role there, any more than the tendency to downplay the importance of paper among historians of the European book means that its use in Europe was less significant than in other cultures. That in China the relative balance of the historical record is the opposite of the one that we tend to assume on the basis of the European experience is demonstrated here by contrasting the dearth of information about early printing with the commemoration even of relatively marginal cultural figures through the traditional Chinese historiography of paper making. But only tentative suggestions can be made as to why these differences in historical writing may have occurred.

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