Characterisation of plant genes involved in giant cells formation induced by root-knot nematodes in Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula

2004 ◽  
pp. 351-358
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Plant Genes

Comparative physical mapping reveals features of microsynteny between Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, and Arabidopsis thaliana

Genome ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
H H Yan ◽  
J Mudge ◽  
D-J Kim ◽  
R C Shoemaker ◽  
D R Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Physical Mapping ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Artificial Chromosome ◽  
Bac Contig ◽  
Cross Hybridization ◽  
Bac Contigs

To gain insight into genomic relationships between soybean (Glycine max) and Medicago truncatula, eight groups of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contigs, together spanning 2.60 million base pairs (Mb) in G. max and 1.56 Mb in M. truncatula, were compared through high-resolution physical mapping combined with sequence and hybridization analysis of low-copy BAC ends. Cross-hybridization among G. max and M. truncatula contigs uncovered microsynteny in six of the contig groups and extensive microsynteny in three. Between G. max homoeologous (within genome duplicate) contigs, 85% of coding and 75% of noncoding sequences were conserved at the level of cross-hybridization. By contrast, only 29% of sequences were conserved between G. max and M. truncatula, and some kilobase-scale rearrangements were also observed. Detailed restriction maps were constructed for 11 contigs from the three highly microsyntenic groups, and these maps suggested that sequence order was highly conserved between G. max duplicates and generally conserved between G. max and M. truncatula. One instance of homoeologous BAC contigs in M. truncatula was also observed and examined in detail. A sequence similarity search against the Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence identified up to three microsyntenic regions in A. thaliana for each of two of the legume BAC contig groups. Together, these results confirm previous predictions of one recent genome-wide duplication in G. max and suggest that M. truncatula also experienced ancient large-scale genome duplications.Key words: Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, Arabidopsis thaliana, conserved microsynteny, genome duplication.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis sepals: A model system for the emergent process of morphogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne H. K. Roeder
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Model System ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Correct Size

Abstract During development, Arabidopsis thaliana sepal primordium cells grow, divide and interact with their neighbours, giving rise to a sepal with the correct size, shape and form. Arabidopsis sepals have proven to be a good system for elucidating the emergent processes driving morphogenesis due to their simplicity, their accessibility for imaging and manipulation, and their reproducible development. Sepals undergo a basipetal gradient of growth, with cessation of cell division, slow growth and maturation starting at the tip of the sepal and progressing to the base. In this review, I discuss five recent examples of processes during sepal morphogenesis that yield emergent properties: robust size, tapered tip shape, laminar shape, scattered giant cells and complex gene expression patterns. In each case, experiments examining the dynamics of sepal development led to the hypotheses of local rules. In each example, a computational model was used to demonstrate that these local rules are sufficient to give rise to the emergent properties of morphogenesis.

Seed Shape Diversity in families of the Order Ranunculales

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 425 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSÈ JAVIER MARTÍN-GÓMEZ ◽  
AGNIESZKA REWICZ ◽  
EMILIO CERVANTES
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
The Third ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Seed shape in the order Ranunculales is described with the objective of characterizing the morphological seed types in the families of this order and to establish a correlation between seed shape, plant structure and life style.         Based on previous work in model plants (Arabidopsis thaliana, Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula), we have used the J index to estimate the percentage of similarity of the image of a seed with a geometric shape. The images of seeds of model plants resemble cardioid or cardioid-derived models, while seeds from other species with rapid life cycles resemble other, also simple geometrical figures. In general, seed shape may help establishing the relationships between taxonomic groups.         Three types of seed morphology are distinguished in the Ranunculales based on values of J index. In the first type, seeds in the Berberidaceae, Euptelaceae and Lardizabalaceae, adjust well to an oval. The second type, seeds in the Papaveraceae, adjust well to the cardioid model, and the third type, seeds in the Ranunculaceae, adjust well to diverse geometric shapes, including the oval, truncated cardioid, Fibonacci spiral and ellipse. In the Ranunculales, seed shape is varied and often related to geometrical figures.                The presence of cardioid derived models in the Papaveraceae supports our hypothesis that seeds resembling the cardioid are frequent in plants with rapid life cycles.Ranunculales

scholarly journals Differences in Feeding Sites Induced by Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., in Chickpea

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Vovlas ◽  
Hava F. Rapoport ◽  
Rafael M. Jiménez Díaz ◽  
Pablo Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Meloidogyne Species

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are sedentary, obligate endoparasites in plants, where they induce specialized feeding sites. The feeding sites act as strong metabolic sinks to which photosynthates are mobilized. The histopathological modifications in the nematode-induced feeding sites of artificially inoculated chickpea cv. UC 27 were qualitatively and quantitatively compared using five isolates of M. artiellia and one isolate each of M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica. All Meloidogyne isolates infected chickpea plants, but root gall thickening was significantly less for M. artiellia isolates than for the other Meloidogyne species. Nevertheless, neither the number of giant cells in the feeding site (averaging four to six) nor the area of individual giant cells was influenced by nematode species or isolate. However, the number of nuclei per giant cell was significantly smaller, and the maximum diameters of nuclei and nucleoli were significantly greater, in giant cells induced by M. artiellia isolates than in those induced by M. arenaria, M. incognita, or M. javanica. In a second experiment, M. artiellia-induced giant cells in faba bean and rapeseed also contained a small number of large nuclei.

scholarly journals Local and Systemic Induced Resistance to the Root-Knot Nematode in Tomato by DL-β-Amino-n-Butyric Acid

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (12) ◽  
pp. 1138-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Oka ◽  
Yigal Cohen ◽  
Yitzhak Spiegel
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Chemical Inducers ◽  
Site Development ◽  
Tomato Roots

Chemical inducers of pathogenesis-related proteins and plant resistance were applied to tomato plants, with the aim of inducing resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Relative to control plants, foliar spray and soil-drenching with dl-β-amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) reduced root-galling 7 days after inoculation, as well as the number of eggs 30 days after inoculation. Other chemicals (α- and γ-amino-n-butyric acid, jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid) were either phytotoxic to tomato plants or did not improve control of root-knot nematodes. Fewer second-stage juveniles invaded BABA-treated tomato roots, and root-galling indices were lower than in control tomato plants. Resistance phenomena in seedlings lasted at least 5 days after spraying with BABA. Nematodes invading the roots of BABA-treated seedlings induced small, vacuolate giant cells. Postinfection treatment of tomato plants with BABA inhibited nematode development. It is speculated that after BABA application tomato roots become less attractive to root-knot nematodes, physically harder to invade, or some substance(s) inhibiting nematode or nematode feeding-site development is produced in roots.

scholarly journals TET-mediated epimutagenesis of the Arabidopsis thaliana methylome

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lexiang Ji ◽  
William T. Jordan ◽  
Xiuling Shi ◽  
Lulu Hu ◽  
Chuan He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Differentially Methylated Genes ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Phenotypic Variations

DNA methylation in the promoters of plant genes sometimes leads to transcriptional repression, and the wholesale removal of DNA methylation as seen in methyltransferase mutants results in drastic changes in gene expression and severe developmental defects. However, many cases of naturally-occurring DNA methylation variations have been reported, whereby the altered expression of differentially methylated genes is responsible for agronomically important traits. The ability to manipulate plant methylomes to generate populations of epigenetically distinct individuals could provide invaluable resources for breeding and research purposes. Here we describe “epimutagenesis”, a novel method to rapidly generate variation of DNA methylation through random demethylation of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. This method involves the expression of a human Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme, and results in widespread hypomethylation that can be inherited to subsequent generations, mimicking mutants in the maintenance DNA methyltransferase met1. Application of TET-mediated epimutagenesis to agriculturally significant plants may result in differential expression of alleles normally silenced by DNA methylation, uncovering previously hidden phenotypic variations.

scholarly journals The PASTICCINO genes of Arabidopsis thaliana are involved in the control of cell division and differentiation

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 909-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Faure ◽  
P. Vittorioso ◽  
V. Santoni ◽  
V. Fraisier ◽  
E. Prinsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Methane Sulfonate ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

The control of cell division by growth regulators is critical to proper plant development. The isolation of single-gene mutants altered in the response to plant hormones should permit the identification of essential genes controlling the growth and development of plants. We have isolated mutants pasticcino belonging to 3 complementation groups (pas1, pas2, pas3) in the progeny of independent ethyl methane sulfonate and T-DNA mutagenized Arabidopsis thaliana plants. The screen was performed in the presence or absence of cytokinin. The mutants isolated were those that showed a significant hypertrophy of their apical parts when grown on cytokinin-containing medium. The pas mutants have altered embryo, leaf and root development. They display uncoordinated cell divisions which are enhanced by cytokinin. Physiological and biochemical analyses show that cytokinins are probably involved in pas phenotypes. The PAS genes have been mapped respectively to chromosomes 3, 5 and 1 and represent new plant genes involved in the control of cell division and plant development.

Arabidopsis thaliana: a model for studies of colonization by non-pathogenic and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 975
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. O'Callaghan ◽  
Richard A. Dixon ◽  
Edward C. Cocking
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Flavonoid Metabolism ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Growth Promoting

This paper originates from an address at the 8th International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixation with Non-Legumes, Sydney, NSW, December 2000 Arabidopsis thaliana L. has many features favoring its use as a model in studies of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), such as diazotrophs. Several niches are colonized in the root system of Arabidopsis, including xylem, and intact colonized roots can be observed microscopically without sectioning of tissues. Studies of plant genes involved in colonization are facilitated by the ease with which plants are transformed and by the availability of mutant lines and other accessions obtainable from stock centers. Lines of Arabidopsis carrying reporter gene fusions are helping to reveal the pattern of expression of previously cloned plant genes induced by rhizobacteria. Studies utilizing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing PGPR and Arabidopsis that contain an auxin-responsive GUS fusion suggest that plants perceive IAA released by bacteria in the rhizosphere. The role of flavonoids in the colonization of non-legumes is being assessed using transgenic Arabidopsis with altered flavonoid metabolism and using tt mutants, which lack functional versions of specific genes for flavonoid metabolism. Studies of plant defence and of stress responses are producing molecular data on plant genes induced by inoculation of Arabidopsis roots with non-pathogens.

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