scholarly journals Polsko-czechosłowackie konwencje turystyczne jako przykład współpracy transgranicznej

2014 ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Lewkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
General Description ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Post War

Polish-Czechoslovak tourist conventions as an example of transfrontier cooperationThe article provides a general description of Polish-Czechoslovak tourist conventions from inter- and post-war periods. It presents the conditions of signing of these unique international agreements, the decision-making process, as well as the basic principles of the conventions. Overall, the tourist conventions are special kinds mostly bilateral international agreements aimed at simplifying the rules of transfrontier traffic within a region attractive to tourists, such as the Carpathian and Sudetic borderlands. Poland and Czechoslovakia were the precursors of this kind of transfrontier cooperation across Europe. The first tourist convention was signed in 1925 as a direct result of so-called Cracow Protocols, which aimed at regulating economic, communication and tourist issues with Czechoslovakia after the Jaworzyna Spiska conflict. The next tourist agreement of 1955 was adopted as a result of the post-Stalinist Thaw, which allowed a certain liberalization of the border regime between the two countries. The agreement was amended and extended in  1961-1962, and was in force till the early 1980s. The experiences of the functioning of the tourist conventions became a model for Euroregions which stared to emerge in the area under discussion. Moreover, they also served as a model for central authorities in liberalizing the border regime in the 1990s. Polsko-czechosłowackie konwencje turystyczne jako przykład współpracy transgranicznejCelem artykułu była ogólna charakterystyka polsko-czechosłowackich konwencji turystycznych z okresu między- i powojennego. Przedstawione zostały uwarunkowania podpisania tych unikatowych umów międzynarodowych, proces decyzyjny, poddano analizie również podstawowe założenia konwencji. Generalnie konwencje turystyczne to specyficzny rodzaj, najczęściej bilateralnych, umów międzynarodowych służących uproszczeniu zasad ruchu transgranicznego w obrębie atrakcyjnego turystycznie regionu, w tym przypadku pogranicza karpackiego i sudeckiego. Polska i Czechosłowacja były prekursorami tego rodzaju współpracy transgranicznej w całej Europie. Pierwsza konwencja turystyczna została podpisana w 1925 roku jako bezpośredni rezultat tzw. protokołów krakowskich mających na celu uregulowanie kwestii gospodarczych, komunikacyjnych i turystycznych z Czechosłowacją po zakończeniu konfliktu o Jaworzynę Spiską. Kolejna umowa turystyczna z 1955 roku przyjęta została jako efekt postalinowskiej odwilży, która pozwoliła na pewną liberalizację reżimu granicznego między obu państwami. Umowa była nowelizowana i poszerzana w latach 1961-1962 i obowiązywała do początku lat 80. XX wieku. Doświadczenia funkcjonowania konwencji turystycznych stały się wzorcem dla tworzących się na badanym obszarze euroregionów. Stanowiły również wzorzec dla władz centralnych podejmujących działania liberalizujące reżim graniczny w latach 90.

Federalism and Compliance with International Agreements: Belgium and Canada Compared

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 173-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Paquin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Central Question ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
State Actors

This article aims to assess the effectiveness of two systems of governance with respect to the making of international treaties: the Canadian system, where the decision-making process is more centralized and where intergovernmental mechanisms are poorly institutionalized; and the Belgian system, where sub-state actors have the role of co-decision and where intergovernmental mechanisms are highly institutionalized. The central question to be discussed is: is the fact that one gives an important role to sub-state actors in the making of a country’s treaty by means of institutionalized intergovernmental mechanisms something that negatively or positively affects the foreign policy of a state? And is this a positive- or a negative-sum game at the level of the conclusion and implementation of treaties? The article concludes that the Belgian system is more effective, largely because its sub-state actors have an important role at every step of the conclusion of a treaty.

scholarly journals Women and the Family in Lebanon: Figures and Facts

1970 ◽  
pp. 9-10
Author(s):  
Hassan Hammoud
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
United Nations Development Program ◽  
Occupational Characteristics ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Post War ◽  
First Time ◽  
Nations Development

In collaboration with the United Nations Development Program, the Lebanese Ministry of Social Affairs has completed a survey ' that provides for the first time in 65 years a comprehensive profile of the population in post-war Lebanon. One of its several objectives was to identify the demographic, educational, social, and occupational characteristics of Lebanese society. If properly considered, such information could play a major role in the decision-making process over several public policies in the country. The data of the survey are presented in 187 statistical tables . I will analyse selected tables related to the status and characteristics of women and the family.

Financiación de las entidades locales de Euskadi en el marcode la Ley 2/2016, de Instituciones Locales de Euskadi

2017 ◽  
pp. 471-501
Author(s):  
Iñaki GALDEANO LARIZGOITIA ◽  
Sebastián ZURUTUZA MUJIKA
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Singular System ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Adequate Funding ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
Local Funding ◽  
Institutional Participation

LABURPENA: Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko 2/2016 Legearekin batera Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko barne instituzionalizazio-prozesua bukatu da, erakundeen beste bi mailekin (foru maila eta erkidego maila) modu harmonikoan egituratu behar den toki-gobernu eredua artikulatuz. Legeak toki-autonomiaren funtsezko bi alderdiak uztartzen ditu: eskumenak eta finantzaketa. Nolanahi ere, foru-erakundeek arlo honetan ekarpen garrantzitsuak egin ditzakete. Legeak izaera integrala dauka, eskumen sistema propio eta berezia osatzea eragingo duena; ezin da finantzaketatik banandu. Finantzaketa nahikoa eta autonomia izatea, finantza-iraunkortasuna eta aurrekontu-egonkortasuna dira Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko Legeak bermatu nahi dituen toki-ogasunen oinarrizko jarduketa-printzipioen osagaiak. Finantzaketa egokiaren bermea eskumen propioetan zein EAEko udalerriek baliatu dituzten beste eskumen batzuetan proiektatu da —legez edo foru-arauz eman ahal zaizkien eskumen berriak barne— baita transferitu edo eskuordetu daitezkeen eskumenetan ere. Toki-finantzaketaren arloan Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko Legetik eratorritako sistema instituzionala, oro har, Finantza Publikoen Euskal Kontseiluko erabakiak hartzean udal-ordezkariek daukaten parte hartzeak definitzen du. Horri dagokionez, Lurralde Historikoen Legea aldatzearen ondorioz, toki-finantzaketarako oso garrantzitsuak diren arlo askotako erabakiak hartzean udal-ordezkariak gehituko dira, eskubide osoko kide gisa (ahotsa eta botoa), dualtzat har daitekeen parte-hartze instituzionaleko eredu baten barruan. Eredu horren arabera gaiak banatu egiten dira: batetik, hiru maila instituzionalen parte hartzea behar duten akordioak, eta, bestetik, garrantzitsuak izanik soilik foru eta udal mailakoei dagozkienak (parte-hartze maila edo eredu horizontala ekarpenen legeetan). RESUMEN: La Ley 2/2016 de Instituciones Locales de Euskadi (LILE) culmina el proceso de institucionalización interna de la Comunidad Autónoma de Euskadi articulando un modelo de gobierno local que debe vertebrarse de manera armónica con los otros dos niveles dos niveles institucionales (foral y autonómico). Es una ley que, sin perjuicio de las importantes atribuciones que en este ámbito tienen las instituciones forales, integra los dos aspectos sustantivos de la autonomía local: competencias y financiación. Carácter integral que va a determinar la configuración de un sistema competencial propio y singular que no puede disociarse de su financiación. La suficiencia y autonomía financiera, junto con la estabilidad presupuestaria y la sostenibilidad financiera, constituyen los principios de actuación básicos de las haciendas locales que la LILE trata de garantizar. La garantía de financiación adecuada se proyecta tanto sobre las competencias propias que vienen ejerciendo los municipios vascos como sobre las nuevas competencias que les puedan ser atribuidas por ley o norma foral o que les puedan ser transferidas o delegadas. El sistema institucional, en materia de financiación local, que se deriva de la LILE, viene definido fundamentalmente por el modelo de participación de los re presentantes municipales en la toma de decisiones del Consejo Vasco de Finanzas Públicas. A este respecto, con la consiguiente modificación de la Ley de Territorios Históricos, se incorporan los representantes municipales, como miembros de pleno derecho (voz y voto) en la toma de decisiones acerca de un significativo número de materias de gran trascendencia para la financiación local, dentro de un modelo de participación institucional que podemos calificar de dual. Modelo conforme al cual se diferencia entre aquellas materias cuyos acuerdos precisan de la participación de los tres niveles institucionales y aquellas otras, de especial importancia (nivel de participación o modelo horizontal en leyes de aportaciones), cuyos acuerdos solamente competen a los niveles foral y municipal. ABSTRACT: Act 2/2016 on Local Entities of Euskadi (LILE) brings to an end the process of internal institutionalization of the Autonomous Community of Euskadi by articulating a local government model that has harmoniously to be built upon the other two levels of institutions (foral and autonomous). It is an act that, with no prejudice to the important attributions foral institutions have in this area, comprehends two substantive features of local autonomy: competences and funding. That comprehensive character is going to determine the configuration of an own and singular system of competences which cannot be dissociated from its funding. The financial sufficiency and autonomy, together with the budgetary stability are the basic principles of action of local government finances that LILE tries to guarantee. The guarantee for an adequate funding is projected both to own competences that Basque municipalities are already exercising and to new competences that can be attributed either by act or by foral rule or that can be transferred or delegated. The institutional system, in the field of local funding, that results from LILE is mainly defined by the model of participation by the municipal representatives in the decision-making process of the Basque Committee for Public Finances. In this regard, with the consequential amendment of the Act on Historic Territories, the municipal representatives will be incorporated as full members (with voice and vote) in the decision-making process in a significant amount of very important issues for the local funding within the model of institutional participation which can be qualified as twofold. A model according to whom those issues whose agreement requires the participation of the three institutional levels and those others, with particular relevance (level of participation or horizontal model in act of contributions) whose agreement does only affect the foral and municipal levels.

To the issue of sustainable autotourism development in Russia

10.12737/7470 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Алексей Корнеев ◽  
Aleksey Korneev ◽  
Александр Ермаков ◽  
Aleksandr Ermakov ◽  
Марина Руднева ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wild Fauna ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Heritage Protection

The article describes the basic principles of sustainable development of auto tourism in Russia. The authors provide an analysis of the basic principles and types of sustainable development of caravanning and a formalized model of rational needs of sustainable development for a caravanning destination. The basic resources needed for sustainable development such destinations: efficient use of resources through re-use and management of savings with the use of modern innovative technical and technological solutions; maintaining the existing biodiversity in the destination through the protection and restoration of the natural heritage, protection of rare species of wild fauna and flora, restrictions on activities in trailering, reculturing territories, creating protected areas, etc; involvement of local communities in the territory of the decision-making process for trailering development; conducting responsible marketing for trailering to minimize pressure on the ecosystem at the maximum beneficial effects of tourism on destinations and on the regional economy due to uniform distribution of autotourists’ flows’ in time and space.

Nationalism in America's UN Policy, 1944–1945

1973 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Truman Administration ◽  
Veto Power ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
American Government ◽  
United States Policy ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Post War

This article presents an interpretation of the conflicts between universalism and nationalism as they affected United States policy toward the creation of the United Nations. Drawing on heretofore unavailable sources, the author stresses the rising influence of nationalism in the evolution of decisions on the veto power, trusteeships, and regionalism. His focus is on the decision–making process during Roosevelt's last year and the initial months of the Truman administration. He contends that Cordell Hull's universalist UN blueprint, which Roosevelt supported, was inexorably eroded by critics within the American government, especially military spokesmen. These leaders took advantage of the apprehension about the Soviet Union's future policy to further their own ambitions for a strong post–war military posture. Truman was sympathetic to the voices of nationalism, and when he became president the shift away from a strong UN became more pronounced.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan Politik Perempuan Bali Menuju Terwujudnya Kesetaraan Gender

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
I Gede Sudiarta
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
The Political ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
General Description ◽  
Political World ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Government Bureaucracy ◽  
The Government

<p><em>General description of women's participation in the political world in Indonesia representation is very low at all levels of decision making, both at the executive, legislative and judicial levels in the government bureaucracy, political parties both in other public societies. In this case the low quality of women's participation in politics occurs in Bali, namely in the executive ranks. Likewise, at the echelon II level, there were no women who obtained the position, that is, from the number of village heads in Bali there were no women who held more positions as lurah, even if there were only a few. In addition, in the organization of the </em>Lembaga Pemberdayaan Masyarakat<em> (LPM) in Bali, it is rare and there may not be women who become the Bendesa Adat or Bendesa Pakraman. This is also evident in the management of other organizations such as youth clubs and sekuna teruna. In an organization like this it is rare to find women becoming chairpersons or electing a chairperson as chairman or vice chairman. Based on this, a gender perspective is considered by involving men and women in the basic decision-making process of democratic work that will lead to equality.</em></p>

The battle for Bankside: electricity, politics and the plans for post-war London

Urban History ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN MURRAY
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Electricity Industry ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Public Gardens ◽  
Contested Space ◽  
Tate Modern ◽  
Post War

ABSTRACT:In the mid-1940s a conflict arose – the battle for Bankside – between two plans for a contested space on London's South Bank. The electricity industry planned to rebuild Bankside power station to alleviate a critical shortage of electricity, whereas the County of London Plan envisaged redevelopment of the area as public gardens, flats and offices. This article examines these plans and their entanglement in the planning system as then constituted; it argues that the significance of the planning principles escalated the arguments from a local issue to the highest level of government. The roles of key actors who manoeuvred to influence the decision-making process are explored. The article demonstrates that the power station approval was crisis driven and imposed ill-considered conditions with long-term implications. Elements of the County of London Plan were realized through deindustrialization and the transformation of the long-derelict power station into Tate Modern in 2000.

scholarly journals Legislativo e política externa brasileira: os debates recorrentes na Comissão de Relações Exteriores e de Defesa Nacional da Câmara dos Deputados de 1999 a 2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-201
Author(s):  
Angelo Raphael Mattos
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Legislative Power ◽  
Internal Level ◽  
Chamber Of Deputies

A partir da competência constitucional do Poder Legislativo no processo decisório em política externa brasileira, bem como da intensificação dos acordos internacionais com impactos substanciais no plano interno, este artigo objetivou identificar quais foram os temas de maior recorrência na Comissão de Relações Exteriores e de Defesa Nacional da Câmara dos Deputados (CREDN) entre 1999 e 2015, bem como os argumentos presentes nesses debates. Para tanto, foi feito um estudo das notas taquigráficas do referido período. Tal análise possibilitou visualizar uma diversificação de temáticas presentes na CREDN, assim como um alinhamento com os temas que foram caros à diplomacia dos governos do período proposto. Palavras-chave: Poder Legislativo; Comissão de Relações Exteriores e de Defesa Nacional da Câmara dos Deputados; Política Externa Brasileira.     Abstract: Based on the constitutional competence of the Legislative Power in the decision-making process in Brazilian foreign policy, as well as on the intensification of international agreements with substantial impacts at the internal level, this article aimed to identify which were the subjects of greatest recurrence in the Commission of Foreign Relations and National Defense of the Chamber of Deputies between 1999 and 2015, and the arguments present in these debates. For that, a study of the hearings notes of the mentioned period was made. This analysis made it possible to visualize a diversification of the themes present in that Commission, as well as an alignment with the themes that were highlighted by the diplomacy of the governments of the proposed period. Keywords: Legislative Power; Commission on Foreign Relations and National Defense of the Chamber of Deputies; Brazilian Foreign Policy.     Recebido em: outubro/2017 Aprovado em: abril/2018.

Modelling of Decision-Making Process Relating to Design for Maintainability of Complex Technical Items

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wieslaw Tarelko
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
General System ◽  
Design System ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
General Description ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Decision Making System ◽  
Design For Maintainability

This paper deals with modelling issues of the decision-making process relating to design for maintainability of complex technical items. Especially, we presented the formal notation of a decision-making system, its elements and functions, and general description as well. Moreover, some application examples of design for the maintainability of such complex technical items as the ship power plants are presented. For development of the decision-making system, we applied a concept of the Mestrovic’s general system. Based on this system, we have worked out the computer-aided system called Maintainability Design System for ship power plants.

AAC Decision-Making and Mobile Technology: Points to Ponder

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Abbott ◽  
Debby McBride
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Ipod Touch ◽  
Feature Match

The purpose of this article is to outline a decision-making process and highlight which portions of the augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) evaluation process deserve special attention when deciding which features are required for a communication system in order to provide optimal benefit for the user. The clinician then will be able to use a feature-match approach as part of the decision-making process to determine whether mobile technology or a dedicated device is the best choice for communication. The term mobile technology will be used to describe off-the-shelf, commercially available, tablet-style devices like an iPhone®, iPod Touch®, iPad®, and Android® or Windows® tablet.

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