scholarly journals Powrócić do początku, czyli jak kultura maskuje swoją zmienność?

2015 ◽  
pp. 107-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Kajfosz
Keyword(s):  
National Identities ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Memory

Return to the beginnings, or how culture masks its changes? The aim of this essay is to describe cognitive mechanisms on which imagined intersubjectively important continuities and discontinuities in culture are based, and thus allow creating and transforming collective identities. The author uses tools of phenomenology and semiotics to provide answers to a few questions concerning cognitive mechanisms of memory and symbolic violence as well as the ways in which culture can change and adapt to current socio-political needs. These issues pertain also to nation and national identities. Powrócić do początku, czyli jak kultura maskuje swoją zmienność? Celem przyczynku jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, na jakich kognitywnych mechanizmach opiera się konstruowanie wyobrażonych, intersubiektywnie ważnych ciągłości i nieciągłości w kulturze, będących podstawą tworzenia i przetwarzania tożsamości zbiorowych. Posługując się narzędziami fenomenologii i semiotyki, autor chce dostarczyć odpowiedzi na następujące pytania: Na podstawie jakich kognitywnych mechanizmów pamięć – wraz z jej społecznymi ramami – może się dostosowywać do aktualnie ważnych społeczno-politycznych potrzeb? Na jakich kognitywnych mechanizmach opiera się przemoc symboliczna? W jaki sposób kultura potrafi eliminować pamięć o własnych przemianach? – Propozycje zawierające się w artykule wskazują na retoryczny (perswazyjny), legitymizacyjny i światotwórczy – czyli pragmatyczny – wymiar konotacji, a zwłaszcza „zgęszczeń konotacji” nazywanych przez R. Barthesa mitem. Podstawową funkcję eksplanacyjną w odniesieniu do pytań o kognitywne mechanizmy społecznego konstruowania przeszłości (inaczej: „początku”) oprócz konotacji mają tu takie kategorie, jak percepcja magiczna i myślenie magiczne.

A Computational Simulation of the Cognitive Process of Children Knowledge Acquisition and Memory Development

2012 ◽  
pp. 111-127
Author(s):  
Jeff Bancroft ◽  
Yingxu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Simulation Tool ◽  
Memory Development ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Children's Memory ◽  
Mechanisms Of Memory ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
The Brain

The cognitive mechanisms of knowledge representation, memory establishment, and learning are fundamental issues in understanding the brain. A basic approach to studying these mental processes is to observe and simulate how knowledge is memorized by little children. This paper presents a simulation tool for knowledge acquisition and memory development for young children of two to five years old. The cognitive mechanisms of memory, the mathematical model of concepts and knowledge, and the fundamental elements of internal knowledge representation are explored. The cognitive processes of children’s memory and knowledge development are described based on concept algebra and the object-attribute-relation (OAR) model. The design of the simulation tool for children’s knowledge acquisition and memory development is presented with the graphical representor of memory and the dynamic concept network of knowledge. Applications of the simulation tool are described by case studies on children’s knowledge acquisition about family members, relatives, and transportation. This work is a part of the development of cognitive computers that mimic human knowledge processing and autonomous learning.

“My European feelings are not only based on the fact that I live in Europe”

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Krzyżanowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
National Identities ◽  
European Identity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
European Citizenship ◽  
Identification Processes

Identity has recently become one of the most frequently theorised and explored topics within various sub-branches of social sciences. Collective identities in general, and their ancestry and construction in particular, are being perceived in different ways by historians, anthropologists, sociologists, political scientists and, last but not least, discourse-analysts. This article aims at shedding a new light on the concept of European identity, which, so far, has been most frequently analysed within the context of the European Union and its political and economic impact on European space. Despite drawing theoretically on some well-grounded traditions of research on European identity, such as, e.g., analysis of its contradiction and suplementariness with national identities, or, its interconnection with such concepts as European citizenship or European integration, the analysis of European identity presented here is put in the context of globally understood identification processes. Empirically, the article draws on the analysis of TV talk show thematically bound by the topics concerning European Union’s impact on national identities.

Memories of Nations and States: Institutional History and National Identity in Post-Soviet Eurasia

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rawi Abdelal
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
National Identities ◽  
The Political ◽  
Institutional History ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Nationalist Movements ◽  
Societal Consensus

The national identities of post-Soviet societies profoundly influenced the politics and economics of Eurasia during the 1990s. These identities varied along two distinct but related dimensions: their content and contestation. Nationalist movements throughout post-Soviet Eurasia invoked their nations in support of specific purposes, which frequently cast Russia as the nation's most important “other” and the state from which autonomy and security must be sought. Nationalists therefore offered specific proposals for the content of their societies’ collective identities. But not everyone in these societies shared the priorities of their nationalist movements. Indeed, the international relations among post-Soviet states often revolved around one central question: did post-Soviet societies and politicians agree with their nationalists or not? The former Communists played a decisive role in contesting the content of national identity. One of the defining differences among post-Soviet states during the 1990s was the political and ideological relationship in each one between the formerly Communist elites and the nationalists—whether the former Communists marginalized the nationalists, arrested them, coopted them, bargained with them, or even tried to become like them. These different relationships revealed different degrees and kinds of societal consensus about national identity after Soviet rule.

scholarly journals Cognitive mechanisms of memory for order in rhesus monkeys(Macaca mulatta)

Hippocampus ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Templer ◽  
Robert R. Hampton
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Memory ◽  
Memory For Order

scholarly journals National Identities: Temporality and Narration

Genealogy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Carsten Humlebæk
Keyword(s):  
National Identities ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Master Narrative ◽  
National History ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Fundamental Identity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
Analytical Category

National identities are social phenomena with concrete—both political and social—effects in society, but a fundamental part of their constitution takes place through narratives about the collective. The existence of collective identities thus depends on drawing boundaries between the collective ‘we’ and the ‘others’, as well as on disseminating coherent ideas about the fundamental identity of the we-group. These narratives thus constitute a privileged object for investigating how collective identities are constructed and legitimised in a discourse that places the collective in time, that is, with a coherent and logical narrative about the past and a trustworthy projection into the future. This article defends, first, the concept of the ‘master narrative’ as a useful analytical category for investigating how national history is constructed, and, second, the concepts of ‘sites of memory’ and ‘Vergangenheitsbewältigung’ as means of accessing this narrative. These concepts represent instances of creation and rewriting, respectively, of the narrative and are thus useful tools for analysing how a sense of connectedness with the community through time is created: that is, how a sense of continuity with certain distant epochs is conveyed, and how, on the other hand, a sense of discontinuity with other periods is favoured.

Competing Visions: Discursive Articulations of Polish and European Identity after the Eastern Enlargement of the EU

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-356
Author(s):  
Magdalena Góra ◽  
Katarzyna Zielińska
Keyword(s):  
European Parliament ◽  
National Identities ◽  
European Identity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
New Members ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Supranational Level ◽  
The Eu

The enlargement of 2004 and 2007 significantly transformed the European Union in political, economic, and social terms. It also challenged the collective identities of Western Europeans as well as each of the newcomers. However, for new members, the prospect of joining a supranational political entity posed a threat to their newly established or regained sovereignty and nationhood. The integration triggered a process of redefinition of both their self-perception and the perception of Europe as a common project. The article offers a case study of how the Polish Members of the European Parliament discursively (re)construct national and European identities and how these constructions relate to each other. The analysis reveals three main visions of the European identity that are voiced by the Polish representation and corresponding visions of national identity. By focusing on the supranational level of the European Parliament and contextualising the analysed constructions with references to national debates, the study is able to nuance the existing theoretical accounts of European and national identities.

Gods, German Scholars, and the Gift of Greece

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 111-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Breger
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Modern Capitalism ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Academic Discourses ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
European Civilization

This article argues that the abundance of Greek figures and scenarios in Kittler’s recent work points to a shift in his oeuvre, which, however, does not represent a radical break with his ‘hardware studies’. At the turn of the 21st century, Kittler champions an emphatic notion of culture as a necessary supplement to science and technology. This conceptual marriage mediates grand historical narratives of cultural identity. Specifically, Kittler’s texts provide us with narratives of Greek origin which serve to re-capture collective identities in the age of globalization. On the explicit level, this identity is predominantly European, but the search has national components as well. With his turn to culture, the organizing trope of 19th-century German nationalism, Kittler has also embraced the legacy of German philhellenism, which articulated national identities through the theme of ‘elective affinity’. Kittler’s Greece occupies the very structural place it had in 19th-century German philhellenism: It stands in for both the foundation of European civilization and its virtual better self, a realm of sensual culture untainted by modern capitalism and Empire. Most of the figures inhabiting this realm are familiar from 19th-century discourse as well, but these discursive loops are fueled by contemporary feedback. Kittler’s Greek narratives have developed out of postwar academic discourses and connect to other post-unification Greek fantasies.

Rethinking Transnationalism: Reconstructing National Identities among Peruvian Catholics in New Jersey

1999 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Ruiz Baía
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Latino Immigrants ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Host Society ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Latino Identity ◽  
Multicultural Context

Transnationalism has made significant contributions to the study of immigration, but it has failed to recognize the importance of the multiethnic, multicultural context of host societies in the construction of immigrants’ identities. Two Peruvian Catholic religious brotherhoods in Paterson, New Jersey, illustrate individual and collective identities that transcend traditional notions of nationality through complex relations with Latino immigrants from other nations. Religion contributes to the articulation of a pan-Latino identity in the host society.

scholarly journals Travesti: la construcción de la identidad individual y colectiva desde el cuerpo y el ejercicio de la prostitución

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Isabel Cristina Buriticá López
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
Cultural Imperialism ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Binary Model

Resumen: En este trabajo se analizan las maneras en lascuales la prostitución y el manejo del cuerpo relacionadocon prácticas individuales y colectivas de biologizaciónde la feminidad contribuyen a la construcción de laidentidad de las travestis. Partiendo del planteamientode Butler sobre la construcción del cuerpo medianteel discurso y las prácticas performativas, se analizala búsqueda de las travestis de defi nir su identidad degénero dentro de un modelo binario, a la vez que seproduce una toma de conciencia de su condición declase tras el ejercicio de la prostitución. A partir de losconceptos de Iris M. Young sobre las cinco caras de laopresión: la explotación, la marginación, la carencia depoder, el imperialismo cultural y la violencia, se analizanlas formas de opresión que padecen las travestis.Reconociendo que las condiciones de auto-marginación,exclusión y violencia simbólica que padecen, propicianuna identidad grupal, se hace el análisis de los discursosde las travestis que ejercen prostitución como es el casode la localidad de Los Mártires de Bogotá. Debido a quesufren las mismas agresiones y mediante las distintasformas de solidaridad que se generan entre ellas, seproduce una creación discursiva de comunidad, a la vezque la construcción de sus identidades individuales ycolectivas.Palabras clave: transgénero, prostitución, performatividad,identidades individuales y colectivasTransvestite: Constructing individual and CollectiveIdentities on the Basis of the Body and ProstitutionAbstract: This paper analyzes the ways in whichprostitution and the handling of the bodies with regardsto individual and collective practices of biologizedfemininity contribute to the construction of the identitiesof transvestites. On the basis of Butler’s concept of bodyconstruction by means of discourse and performativepractices, the analysis goes into the transvestites’ searchfor their gender identity according to a binary model,while they become aware of their class condition afterbecoming prostitutes. Iris Young’s classifi cation of thefi ve aspects of oppression (exploitation, marginalization,powerlessness, cultural imperialism and violence) isused to analyze the forms of oppression they suffer. Thediscourses of the transvestites who work as prostitutes inthe area of Los Mártires in Bogotá are analyzed whilerecognizing that the conditions of self-marginalization,exclusion and symbolic violence they undergo propitiatea group identity. Since they suffer the same aggressions,and due to the forms of solidarity that generate amongthem, there is a discursive creation of community, at thesame time that their individual and collective identitiesare formed.Key Words: Transgender, prostitution, performativity,individual and collective identities

A Computational Simulation of the Cognitive Process of Children Knowledge Acquisition and Memory Development

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Bancroft ◽  
Yingxu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Simulation Tool ◽  
Memory Development ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Children's Memory ◽  
Mechanisms Of Memory ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
The Brain

The cognitive mechanisms of knowledge representation, memory establishment, and learning are fundamental issues in understanding the brain. A basic approach to studying these mental processes is to observe and simulate how knowledge is memorized by little children. This paper presents a simulation tool for knowledge acquisition and memory development for young children of two to five years old. The cognitive mechanisms of memory, the mathematical model of concepts and knowledge, and the fundamental elements of internal knowledge representation are explored. The cognitive processes of children’s memory and knowledge development are described based on concept algebra and the object-attribute-relation (OAR) model. The design of the simulation tool for children’s knowledge acquisition and memory development is presented with the graphical representor of memory and the dynamic concept network of knowledge. Applications of the simulation tool are described by case studies on children’s knowledge acquisition about family members, relatives, and transportation. This work is a part of the development of cognitive computers that mimic human knowledge processing and autonomous learning.

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