Light-Induced Heat Conversion of Gold Nanorods as a Local Temperature Probe for Chemical Species Transformation in Aqueous Solution

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1437-1444
Author(s):  
Jeonghun Kim ◽  
So Yeon Ahn ◽  
Soong Ho Um
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanorods ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Local Temperature ◽  
Local Energy ◽  
Material Synthesis ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Species Transformation ◽  
Fluorescent Materials

Numerous heat-dependent chemical reactions are involved in organismal life, and temperature is an important factor that determines whether such reactions progress. To date, ultrasound and thermotherapy techniques have been established in high-end medical treatments and are proposed to monitor temperature changes on a nanoscale of localized areas such as single cells and to induce material synthesis due to local energy conversion. In this study, a nanoprobe that can measure the local temperature on the nanoscale is designed and developed using gold nanoparticles and thermo-sensitive fluorescent materials. To support this concept, a polymer capable of controlling the physical properties of gold nanorods (AuNRs) is manufactured using light-heat conversion synthesis.

scholarly journals Twenty-first century regional temperature response in Chile based on empirical-statistical downscaling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian G. Mutz ◽  
Samuel Scherrer ◽  
Ilze Muceniece ◽  
Todd A. Ehlers
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Models ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Local Scale ◽  
First Century ◽  
Local Temperature ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Scale Temperature ◽  
Twenty First Century

AbstractLocal scale estimates of temperature change in the twenty-first century are necessary for informed decision making in both the public and private sector. In order to generate such estimates for Chile, weather station data of the Dirección Meteorológica de Chile are used to identify large-scale predictors for local-scale temperature changes and construct individual empirical-statistical models for each station. The geographical coverage of weather stations ranges from Arica in the North to Punta Arenas in the South. Each model is trained in a cross-validated stepwise linear multiple regression procedure based on (24) weather station records and predictor time series derived from ERA-Interim reanalysis data. The time period 1979–2000 is used for training, while independent data from 2001 to 2015 serves as a basis for assessing model performance. The resulting transfer functions for each station are then directly coupled to MPI-ESM simulations for future climate change under emission scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP 8.5 to estimate the local temperature response until 2100 A.D. Our investigation into predictors for local scale temperature changes support established knowledge of the main drivers of Chilean climate, i.e. a strong influence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation in northern Chile and frontal system-governed climate in central and southern Chile. Temperature downscaling yields high prediction skill scores (ca. 0.8), with highest scores for the mid-latitudes. When forced with MPI-ESM simulations, the statistical models predict local temperature deviations from the 1979–2015 mean that range between − 0.5–2 K, 0.5–3 K and 2–7 K for RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively.

scholarly journals A Fluorescent Nanoprobe to Detect Local Temperature Changes During Antitumoral Hyperthermia Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 477a
Author(s):  
Cynthia El Hedjaj ◽  
Imène Chebbi ◽  
Olivier Seksek ◽  
Edouard Alphandery
Keyword(s):  
Local Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Fluorescent Nanoprobe ◽  
Hyperthermia Therapy

Local Temperature Determination Using Elfs Spectroscopy

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 997-998
Author(s):  
M. Qian ◽  
M. Sarikaya ◽  
E. A. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Local Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Temperature Determination ◽  
Simultaneous Imaging ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
First Time

ELFS spectroscopy (energy loss fine structure) is used to obtain local atomic structure information It can outperform XAFS (x-ray absorption fine structure) not only because of its low Z element sensitivity, but also because of its high spatial resolution and the capability of combining other high resolution TEM measurements. Although TEM continues to gain importance as an indispensable and unique tool to study nanoscale phenomena by providing simultaneous imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopy information, direct observation and quantitative measurements of physical phenomena are also desirable. This paper gives a first-time demonstration of such a measurement, namely local temperature determination in a TEM sample by ELFS.The principle is simple and as follows. One can measure, with ELFS, the atomic distances up to ±0.01 Å accuracy for the fist shell (typically around 2 Å ) and the second shell (around 3-4 Å). Atomic distances in a sample will change when its temperature changes, the phenomena that are coupled by the macroscopic temperature dependent lattice expansion.

scholarly journals Influence of Local Temperature Changes on the Material Microstructure in Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM)

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5399
Author(s):  
Sławomir Spadło ◽  
Damian Bańkowski ◽  
Piotr Młynarczyk ◽  
Irena M. Hlaváčová
Keyword(s):  
Local Heat Transfer ◽  
Water Jet ◽  
Local Temperature ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Abrasive Water Jet ◽  
Material Microstructure ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Abrasive Water Jet Machining ◽  
Jet Impact ◽  
The Impact

This article considers effects of local heat transfer taking place insteel cutting by abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). The influence of temperature changes during AWJM has not been investigated thoroughly. Most studies on AWJM suggest that thermal energy has little or no effect on the material cut. This study focused on the analysis of the material microstructure and indentation microhardness in the jet impact zone and the adjacent area. The structure features revealed through optical metallography and scanning microscopy suggest local temperature changes caused by the impact of the abrasive water jet against the workpiece surface. From the microscopic examinationand hardness tests, it is clear that, during the process, large amounts of energy were transferred locally. The mechanical stress produced by the water jet led to plastic deformation at and near the surface. This was accompanied by the generation and transfer of large amounts of heat resulting in a local rise in temperature to 450 °C or higher.

Single-cell analyses of nitrergic neurons in simple nervous systems

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.L. Moroz ◽  
R. Gillette ◽  
J.V. Sweedler
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
No Oxidation ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Pharmacological Manipulations ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Understanding the role of the gaseous messenger nitric oxide (NO) in the nervous system is complicated by the heterogeneity of its nerve cells; analyses carried out at the single cell level are therefore important, if not critical. Some invertebrate preparations, most especially those from the gastropod molluscs, provide large, hardy and identified neurons that are useful both for the development of analytical methodologies and for cellular analyses of NO metabolism and its actions. Recent modifications of capillary electrophoresis (CE) allow the use of a small fraction of an individual neuron to perform direct, quantitative and simultaneous assays of the major metabolites of the NO-citrulline cycle and associated biochemical pathways. These chemical species include the products of NO oxidation (NO2-/NO3-), l-arginine, l-citrulline, l-ornithine, l-argininosuccinate, as well as selected NO synthase inhibitors and cofactors such as NADPH, biopterin, FMN and FAD. Diverse cotransmitters can also be identified in the same nitrergic neuron. The sensitivity of CE methods is in the femtomole to attomole range, depending on the species analysed and on the specific detector used. CE analysis can be combined with prior in vivo electrophysiological and pharmacological manipulations and measurements to yield multiple physiological and biochemical values from single cells. The methodologies and instrumentation developed and tested using the convenient molluscan cell model can be adapted to the smaller and more delicate neurons of other invertebrates and chordates.

Global ocean surface stratifications due to rain based on ERA5

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Bellenger ◽  
Xavier Perrot ◽  
Lionel Guez ◽  
Jean-Philippe Duvel ◽  
Alexandre Supply ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Wind Condition ◽  
Solar Absorption ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Global Estimate ◽  
Salinity Anomaly

<p>Temperature and Salinity at the ocean interface can be substantially different than their bulk values in the ocean mixed layer at 5-10 meters depth. The main phenomena that account for these differences are (i) the interfacial millimeter scale diffusive microlayer usually cooler and saltier than below due to surface fluxes and (ii) diurnal warm layers of few tens of centimeters to few meters that form under weak wind condition due to solar absorption. Although characterized by small vertical scales, these tightly wind-related phenomena corresponds to coherent structures up to the large-scale where they can impact air-sea exchanges of heat, water and chemical species. Another phenomenon that can impact global air-sea exchanges is the freshwater lenses produced by rain. Rain freshens and cools the ocean surface, as raindrops temperature is usually lower than surface temperature. The induced negative salinity anomaly enables surface cold anomalies to be sustained and further cooled down by surface fluxes after rain has ceased. This study presents a first global estimate of basic statistics rain-induced ocean surface freshening and temperature changes and of their variations with seasons.</p>

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