Comparative Study of Efficient Design, Control and Monitoring of Solar Power Using Internet of Things

The shortage of electricity is a major constraint to economic growth. Renewable energy such as solar energy has many advantages but also has many challenges to enhance its efficiency which is limited by the weather changes, dust particles, and material dependant properties. This affect various parameters like fill factor, short circuit current (jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc) and module efficiency. This paper represents different materials used in solar cell structures and gives a realistic approach of factors affecting the performance of photovoltaic modules. The material used must produce cost-effective solar cells by reducing the amount of silicon material used in its production and enhance the power output. To enhance the performance of the PV cell, various methods and technologies are used. Effective use of solar power can be obtained using Internet of Things (IoT) technology which is used for solar tracking, monitoring, and forecasting.

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Design and modeling of an SJ infrared solar cell approaching upper limit of theoretical efficiency

International Journal of Modern Physics B ◽

10.1142/s0217979218500145 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (02) ◽

pp. 1850014 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

G. S. Sahoo ◽

G. P. Mishra

Keyword(s):

Solar Cell ◽

Quantum Efficiency ◽

Conversion Efficiency ◽

Internal Quantum Efficiency ◽

Spectral Response ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Short Circuit Current Density ◽

Open Circuit

Recent trends of photovoltaics account for the conversion efficiency limit making them more cost effective. To achieve this we have to leave the golden era of silicon cell and make a path towards III–V compound semiconductor groups to take advantages like bandgap engineering by alloying these compounds. In this work we have used a low bandgap GaSb material and designed a single junction (SJ) cell with a conversion efficiency of 32.98%. SILVACO ATLAS TCAD simulator has been used to simulate the proposed model using both Ray Tracing and Transfer Matrix Method (under 1 sun and 1000 sun of AM1.5G spectrum). A detailed analyses of photogeneration rate, spectral response, potential developed, external quantum efficiency (EQE), internal quantum efficiency (IQE), short-circuit current density (J[Formula: see text]), open-circuit voltage (V[Formula: see text]), fill factor (FF) and conversion efficiency ([Formula: see text]) are discussed. The obtained results are compared with previously reported SJ solar cell reports.

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Controlled Photoanode Properties for Large-Area Efficient and Stable Dye-Sensitized Photovoltaic Modules

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11082125 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 2125

Author(s):

Wei-Hao Chiu ◽

Kun-Mu Lee ◽

Vembu Suryanarayanan ◽

Jen-Fu Hsu ◽

Ming-Chung Wu

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Solution Concentration ◽

Short Circuit Current Density ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Tio2 Electrode ◽

Large Area ◽

Dye Sensitized ◽

Module Efficiency

Nowadays, a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) attracts attention to its development widely due to its several advantages, such as simple processes, low costs, and flexibility. In this work, we demonstrate the difference in device structures between small size and large size cells (5 cm × 5 cm, 10 cm × 10 cm and 10 cm × 15 cm). The design of the photoanode and dye-sensitized process plays important roles in affecting the cell efficiency and stability. The effects of the TiO2 electrode, using TiCl4(aq) pretreatment and post-treatment processes, are also discussed, whereas, the open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), and module efficiency are successfully improved. Furthermore, the effects on module performances by some factors, such as dye solution concentration, dye soaking temperature, and electrolyte injection method are also investigated. We have demonstrated that the output power of a 5 cm × 5 cm DSSC module increases from 86.2 mW to 93.7 mW, and the module efficiency achieves an outstanding performance of 9.79%. Furthermore, enlarging the DSSC modules to two sizes (10 cm × 10 cm and 10 cm × 15 cm) and comparing the performance with different module designs (C-DSSC and S-DSSC) also provides the specific application of polymer sealing and preparing high-efficiency large-area DSSC modules.

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Soiling Losses: A Barrier for India’s Energy Security Dependency from Photovoltaic Power

Challenges ◽

10.3390/challe11010009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Aritra Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Energy Security ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Heavy Rain ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Dust Particles ◽

Dust Deposition ◽

Pv Systems ◽

Photovoltaic Power

Worldwide photovoltaic power generation is affected by deposited dust on photovoltaic (PV) systems, which creates soiling losses. In this work, factors that have a detrimental influence on dust deposition and an impact on PV systems performance were reviewed. The different ways that dust deposition can be a barrier for India’s energy security plan involving PV were also discussed. Different available cleaning techniques were also introduced. The nature, size, and morphology of dust particles vary with geographical location. Any increase of the PV tilt angle, or high wind speed and heavy rain showers reduce dust deposition. Deposited dust reduces the incident transmitted light on the PV, which has an adverse impact on the reduction of short circuit current. However, the open-circuit voltage has a reduced effect due to dust deposition. The enhancement of temperature caused by dust-covered PVs is still a debatable area. A universal cleaning technique is required to eliminate the soiling losses from PV. India has a solar mission to generate 100 GW of PV power by 2022. However, India’s poor air quality can undermine efforts to achieve this target.

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Self-assembled InP Quantum Dot -TiO2 Solid Grätzel Solar Cell

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-764-c3.25 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 764 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tingying Zeng ◽

Elizabeth Gladwin ◽

Richard O. Claus

Keyword(s):

Short Circuit ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Hole Transport ◽

Solar Simulator ◽

Light Power ◽

P Type ◽

Conversion Efficiencies

AbstractThe processing of Solid Grätzel Solar Cells (SGSCs) offers advantages of cost effective fabrication, possible flexible products, and high incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies (IPCE). In this paper, InP quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized and used as the photosensitizer to design new generation SGSCs. An organic p-type charge transport material (spiro-OMeTAD) was used as the hole-transport material (HTM). The InP QD has an average diameter of approximately 3nm. Preliminary research indicates that InP QD is a promising photosensitizer, which allows the sensitized SGSC TiO2 nanocrystalline cell to achieve over 400mV open circuit photovoltage, and a short-circuit current greater than 0.035mA/cm2 under the illumination of a solar simulator with an integrated light power of 58mW/cm2.

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Preparation of Cu2ZnSnS4 Film by Printing Process for Low-Cost Solar Cell

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.1406 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 335-336 ◽

pp. 1406-1411 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Qin Miao Chen ◽

Xiao Ming Dou ◽

Zhen Qing Li ◽

Shu Yi Cheng ◽

Song Lin Zhuang

Keyword(s):

Solar Cell ◽

Screen Printing ◽

Low Cost ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Short Circuit Current Density ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Printing Process ◽

Annealing Effects

Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS) film was prepared by screen printing process with the advantages of simple, high-effective and cost-effective. The annealing effects on the screen printed CZTS films were studied. It was found that the crystallinity of the CZTS can be effectively improved by the annealing process, whereas overlong annealing can also introduce defects to the CZTS. The bandgap value of the CZTS is about 1.4 eV. The short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, fill factor and conversion efficiency of the best solar cell with superstrate structure of Carbon/CZTS/In2S3/TiO2/FTO glass (without using any vacuum conditions) are 6.20 mA/cm2, 290 mV, 0.29 and 0.53%, respectively.

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Performance Evaluation of PV Panel Under Dusty Condition

International Journal of Renewable Energy Development ◽

10.14710/ijred.6.3.225-233 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 225

Author(s):

Abhishek Kumar Tripathi ◽

M. Aruna ◽

Ch.S.N. Murthy

Keyword(s):

Performance Evaluation ◽

Power Output ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Dust Particles ◽

Dust Deposition ◽

Airborne Dust ◽

Pv Panel ◽

Panel Surface

The performance of PV panel depends on the incoming sunlight on its surface. The accumulated airborne dust particles on panel surface creates a barrier in the path of sunlight and panel surface, which significantly reduces the amount of solar radiation falling on the panel surface. The present study shows a significant reduction in short circuit current and power output of PV panel due to dust deposition on its surface, whereas the reduction in open circuit voltage is not much prominent. This study has been carried in the field as well as in the laboratory. The reduction in maximum power output of PV panel for both the studies ensures a linear relation with the dust deposition on its surface. In the field study, the reduction in the power output due to 12.86gm of dust deposition on the panel surface was 43.18%, whereas in the laboratory study it was 44.75% due to 11gm of dust depositionArticle History: Received July 10th 2017; Received in revised form Sept 15th 2017x; Accepted 1st Oct 2017; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Tripathi, A.K., Aruna, M. and Murthy, Ch.,S.N. (2017). Performance Evaluation of PV Panel Under Dusty Condition. International Journal of Renewable Energy Develeopment, 6(3), 225-233.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.3.225-233

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CdTe-Based Thin Film Solar Cells: Past, Present and Future

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14061684 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1684

Author(s):

Alessandro Romeo ◽

Elisa Artegiani

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Solar Cells ◽

Solar Cell ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Short Circuit Current Density ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Early Years ◽

Solar Cell Efficiency ◽

Cell Efficiency

CdTe is a very robust and chemically stable material and for this reason its related solar cell thin film photovoltaic technology is now the only thin film technology in the first 10 top producers in the world. CdTe has an optimum band gap for the Schockley-Queisser limit and could deliver very high efficiencies as single junction device of more than 32%, with an open circuit voltage of 1 V and a short circuit current density exceeding 30 mA/cm2. CdTe solar cells were introduced at the beginning of the 70s and they have been studied and implemented particularly in the last 30 years. The strong improvement in efficiency in the last 5 years was obtained by a new redesign of the CdTe solar cell device reaching a single solar cell efficiency of 22.1% and a module efficiency of 19%. In this paper we describe the fabrication process following the history of the solar cell as it was developed in the early years up to the latest development and changes. Moreover the paper also presents future possible alternative absorbers and discusses the only apparently controversial environmental impacts of this fantastic technology.

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GaInP/GaAs/poly-Si Multi-Junction Solar Cells by in Metal Balls Bonding

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11070726 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 726

Author(s):

Ray-Hua Horng ◽

Yu-Cheng Kao ◽

Apoorva Sood ◽

Po-Liang Liu ◽

Wei-Cheng Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Solar Cell ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Triple Junction ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Metal Line ◽

Solar Simulator ◽

Junction Solar Cell

In this study, a mechanical stacking technique has been used to bond together the GaInP/GaAs and poly-silicon (Si) solar wafers. A GaInP/GaAs/poly-Si triple-junction solar cell has mechanically stacked using a low-temperature bonding process which involves micro metal In balls on a metal line using a high-optical-transmission spin-coated glue material. Current–voltage measurements of the GaInP/GaAs/poly-Si triple-junction solar cells have carried out at room temperature both in the dark and under 1 sun with 100 mW/cm2 power density using a solar simulator. The GaInP/GaAs/poly-Si triple-junction solar cell has reached an efficiency of 24.5% with an open-circuit voltage of 2.68 V, a short-circuit current density of 12.39 mA/cm2, and a fill-factor of 73.8%. This study demonstrates a great potential for the low-temperature micro-metal-ball mechanical stacking technique to achieve high conversion efficiency for solar cells with three or more junctions.

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Photocurrent density and electrical properties of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-BaNi0.5Nb0.5O3 ceramics

Journal of Advanced Ceramics ◽

10.1007/s40145-021-0497-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mingqiang Zhong ◽

Qin Feng ◽

Changlai Yuan ◽

Xiao Liu ◽

Baohua Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Properties ◽

Photovoltaic Effect ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Photocurrent Density ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Light Conditions ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Solid State Method ◽

X Ray

AbstractIn this work, the (1−x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-xBaNi0.5Nb0.5O3 (BNT-BNN; 0.00 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.20) ceramics were prepared via a high-temperature solid-state method. The crystalline structures, photovoltaic effect, and electrical properties of the ceramics were investigated. According to X-ray diffraction, the system shows a single perovskite structure. The samples show the normal ferroelectric loops. With the increase of BNN content, the remnant polarization (Pr) and coercive field (Ec) decrease gradually. The optical band gap of the samples narrows from 3.10 to 2.27 eV. The conductive species of grains and grain boundaries in the ceramics are ascribed to the double ionized oxygen vacancies. The open-circuit voltage (Voc) of ∼15.7 V and short-circuit current (Jsc) of ∼1450 nA/cm2 are obtained in the 0.95BNT-0.05BNN ceramic under 1 sun illumination (AM1.5G, 100 mW/cm2). A larger Voc of 23 V and a higher Jsc of 5500 nA/cm2 are achieved at the poling field of 60 kV/cm under the same light conditions. The study shows this system has great application prospects in the photovoltaic field.

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Ultrathin Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells with Ag/AlOx Passivating Back Reflector

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14144268 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (14) ◽

pp. 4268

Author(s):

Jessica de Wild ◽

Gizem Birant ◽

Guy Brammertz ◽

Marc Meuris ◽

Jef Poortmans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Solar Cells ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Short Circuit Current Density ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Current Increase ◽

Time Resolved ◽

Cigs Solar Cells

Ultrathin Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) absorber layers of 550 nm were grown on Ag/AlOx stacks. The addition of the stack resulted in solar cells with improved fill factor, open circuit voltage and short circuit current density. The efficiency was increased from 7% to almost 12%. Photoluminescence (PL) and time resolved PL were improved, which was attributed to the passivating properties of AlOx. A current increase of almost 2 mA/cm2 was measured, due to increased light scattering and surface roughness. With time of flight—secondary ion mass spectroscopy, the elemental profiles were measured. It was found that the Ag is incorporated through the whole CIGS layer. Secondary electron microscopic images of the Mo back revealed residuals of the Ag/AlOx stack, which was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements. It is assumed to induce the increased surface roughness and scattering properties. At the front, large stains are visible for the cells with the Ag/AlOx back contact. An ammonia sulfide etching step was therefore applied on the bare absorber improving the efficiency further to 11.7%. It shows the potential of utilizing an Ag/AlOx stack at the back to improve both electrical and optical properties of ultrathin CIGS solar cells.

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