Engineering Meteorology: The Weathering of Exposed Surfaces by Atmospheric Pollution 1

1959 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 172-178
Author(s):  
R. E. Munn
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Atmospheric Pollution ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Community Surveys ◽  
Corrosion Tests ◽  
Great Economic Importance ◽  
Dry Climates ◽  
And Control

The topic is approached from the viewpoint of community air-pollution programs and control. After a brief discussion of the economic costs of atmospheric pollution in an industrial area, a skeleton outline of the important factors in weathering by pollutants is presented. A few of the factors are considered in detail under the general headings of soiling, erosion, and corrosion. Significant differences in weathering are found for industrial, rural, marine, and very dry climates. Most community surveys include routine tests of the dirtiness of the air but exclude corrosion tests, although this factor is of great economic importance. Methods of corrosion testing are considered, and it is concluded that they are not feasible yet for community surveys. Increasing interest in corrosion, however, is undoubtedly leading to a broader understanding of the problem.

scholarly journals Sulfonamide Resistance in Chicken Coccidiosis: A Clinico-Pathological Study

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMAM Zonaed Siddiki ◽  
M Jahurul Karim ◽  
Emdadul Haque Chawdhury
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Pathological Study ◽  
Great Economic Importance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sulfonamide Resistance ◽  
And Control

Coccidiosis is a disease of great economic importance for the emerging poultry industry of Bangladesh. Sulfonamides have been used extensively for treatment and control of chicken coccidiosis. However, there have been complaints regarding failure of Esb3 ® (sodium sulfachloropyrazine monohydrate; Ciba-Geigy) in treating clinical coccidiosis. Therefore this study was undertaken to examine the degree of sulfonamide resistance of field coccidian isolates. Four groups of 12-day-old chicks were infected with 104 sporulated oocysts of four field coccidian isolates. Each group contains four subgroups containing 8 chicks in each subgroup, among which one subgroup remained as infected untreated control and another 3 subgroups were treated with 30% Esb3 ® @ 1 , 2, or 2.5 g/l of drinking water for 3 consecutive days. The sulfonamide resistance was assessed on the basis of faecal oocyst counts and clinico-pathological findings. There was no significant difference (p >0.05) in weight gain between untreated chicks and the chicks treated @ 1 and 2 g/l. However, a significantly higher (p <0.05) weight gains were noted in subgroups treated with Esb3 ® @ 2.5 g/l. Chicks received treated with 2 g/l Esb3 ® received similar clinical coccidiosis and histopathological changes but little less oocyst counts as found in untreated infected control chicks. Chicks treated with 2 g/l Esb3 ® did not reveal clinical coccidiosis and revealed no or very minimal oocyst counts during the treatment period. But on histopathology, arrested or stunted parasitic stages were found during the treatment period whereas flourish parasitic development with subacute-chronic ulcerative caecitis was evident following withdrawal of treatment. These findings suggest that the drug only cause an arrested parasitic development rather than killing the parasite. Therefore, an alternative to the sulfonamides needs to find out for treating and controlling chicken coccidiosis. Keywords: Chicken; Coccidiosis; Sulfonamide; ResistanceDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v25i1.4860 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 25, Number 1, June 2008, pp 60-64

THE (DOMINANCE BASED) ROUGH SET APPROACH APPLIED TO AIR POLLUTION IN A HIGH RISK RATE INDUSTRIAL AREA

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Matarazzo ◽  
Maria Teresa Clasadonte ◽  
Carlo Ingrao
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Rough Set ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Risk Rate

Schwingungsüberlagertes Axialformen/Superimposed Oscillated Axial Forming

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 838-843
Author(s):  
Philipp Müller ◽  
Bernd-Arno Behrens ◽  
Sven Hübner ◽  
Hendrik Vogt ◽  
Daniel Rosenbusch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Quality ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Wird Eine ◽  
Forming Force ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Forming Technology ◽  
Great Economic Importance ◽  
Gear Geometry

Techniken zur Steigerung der Formgebungsgrenzen in der Umformtechnik sind von hoher wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Schwingungsüberlagerung im Krafthauptfluss eines Axialformprozesses zur Ausprägung einer Verzahnungsgeometrie untersucht. Die Auswirkungen der Schwingung auf die erzielbare Ausfüllung der Zahnkavitäten werden analysiert sowie die Parameter Schmierung und Oberflächengüte der Halbzeuge in ihrer kombinierten Wirkung untersucht. Es konnte eine Reduzierung der mittleren Umformkraft sowie eine Erhöhung der Formfüllung festgestellt werden. Techniques for extending the production limits in forming technology are of great economic importance. In this research, a superimposed oscillation in the main force flow of an axial forming process to form an axial gear geometry is investigated. The effects of the superimposed oscillation on the achievable form-filling of the tooth cavities are analyzed and the parameters lubrication and surface quality of the semi-finished products are investigated in their combined effect. A reduction of the averaged forming force as well as an increase of the form-filling could be achieved.

scholarly journals Mating Disruption of Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) in Fruit Crops

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Carolina Ballesteros ◽  
Alda Romero ◽  
María Colomba Castro ◽  
Sofía Miranda ◽  
Jan Bergmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pseudococcus Calceolariae ◽  
And Control ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Control Tool

Pseudococcus calceolariae, the citrophilous mealybug, is a species of economic importance. Mating disruption (MD) is a potential control tool. During 2017–2020, trials were conducted to evaluate the potential of P. calceolariae MD in an apple and a tangerine orchard. Two pheromone doses, 6.32 g/ha (2017–2018) and 9.45 g/ha (2019–2020), were tested. The intermediate season (2018–2019) was evaluated without pheromone renewal to study the persistence of the pheromone effect. Male captures in pheromone traps, mealybug population/plant, percentage of infested fruit at harvest and mating disruption index (MDI) were recorded regularly. In both orchards, in the first season, male captures were significantly lower in MD plots compared to control plots, with an MDI > 94% in the first month after pheromone deployment. During the second season, significantly lower male captures in MD plots were still observed, with an average MDI of 80%. At the third season, male captures were again significant lower in MD than control plots shortly after pheromone applications. In both orchards, population by visual inspection and infested fruits were very low, without differences between MD and control plots. These results show the potential use of mating disruption for the control of P. calceolariae.

scholarly journals Continuous exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases: prevalence, burden, and economic costs

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-399
Author(s):  
Seyed M. Karimi ◽  
Ali Maziyaki ◽  
Samaneh Ahmadian Moghadam ◽  
Mahtab Jafarkhani ◽  
Hamid Zarei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Unit Change ◽  
Data Limitations

AbstractStudies that assess the connection between the prevalence of chronic diseases and continuous exposure to air pollution are scarce in developing countries, mainly due to data limitations. Largely overcoming data limitations, this study aimed to investigate the association between the likelihood of reporting a set of chronic diseases (diabetes, cancer, stroke and myocardial infarction, asthma, and hypertension) and continuous exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and coarse particulate matter (PM10). Using the estimated associations, the disease burden and economic costs of continuous exposure to air pollutants were also approximated. A 2011 Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool survey from Tehran, Iran, was used in the main analyses. A sample of 67,049 individuals who had not changed their place of residence for at least 2 years before the survey and reported all relevant socioeconomic information was selected. The individuals were assigned with the average monthly air pollutant levels of the nearest of 16 air quality monitors during the 2 years leading to the survey. Both single- and multi-pollutant analyses were conducted. The country’s annual household surveys from 2002 to 2011 were used to calculate the associated economic losses. The single-pollutant analysis showed that a one-unit increase in monthly CO (ppm), NO2 (ppb), O3 (ppb), and PM10 (μg/m3) during the 2 years was associated with 751 [confidence interval (CI): 512–990], 18 (CI: 12–24), 46 (CI: −27–120), and 24 (CI: 13–35) more reported chronic diseases in 100,000, respectively. The disease-specific analyses showed that a unit change in average monthly CO was associated with 329, 321, 232, and 129 more reported cases of diabetes, hypertension, stroke and myocardial infarction, and asthma in 100,000, respectively. The measured associations were greater in samples with older individuals. Also, a unit change in average monthly O3 was associated with 21 (in 100,000) more reported cases of asthma. The multi-pollutant analyses confirmed the results from single-pollutant analyses. The supplementary analyses showed that a one-unit decrease in monthly CO level could have been associated with about 208 (CI: 147–275) years of life gained or 15.195 (CI: 10.296–20.094) thousand US dollars (USD) in life-time labor market income gained per 100,000 30-plus-year-old Tehranis.

Distribution and density of lobsters in the Brazilian oceanic ecosystem Rocas Atoll

Crustaceana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Gaeta ◽  
Raúl Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Importance ◽  
Panulirus Argus ◽  
Top Predator ◽  
Visual Census ◽  
Benthic Ecosystems ◽  
Oceanic Ecosystem ◽  
And Control ◽  
Trophic Webs ◽  
Future Information

Abstract Lobsters are recognizable faunal elements that play an important role as top predator in the trophic webs in benthic ecosystems and have an economic importance due to the intensive and valuable fishery. In Rocas Atoll (03°51′S 33°48′W) the presence of five species of lobsters in low tide pools was observed by visual census. These were: Enoplometopus antillensis Lütken, 1865; Palinurellus gundlachi Von Martens, 1878; Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804); Panulirus echinatus Smith, 1869; and Parribacus antarcticus (Lund, 1793). This atoll appears to be dominated by P. echinatus followed by P. argus, P. antarcticus, P. gundlachi and E. antillensis, respectively. We also observed the presence of some potential predators that perhaps feed on lobster species and control these populations in the atoll. This work and future information could help to better understand the variability of lobster diversity and density in this unique atoll.

The Message of “APEC Blue” for the Prevention and Control of Urban Air Pollution in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 1650027
Author(s):  
Rong ZHU
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutant ◽  
And Control

Analysis of the meteorological conditions for atmospheric pollutant dispersion before and after the 2014 APEC meeting shows very significant effects of air pollution prevention and control measures on the meeting. It proves that the proper measures to control air pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region are: establishing a regional emergency response mechanism to reduce emissions in the case of heavy air pollution, strengthening the local emergency response measures for emission reduction, and enhancing the early warning system for weather conditions conducive to heavy air pollution.

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