scholarly journals A New k-Distribution Scheme for Clear-Sky Radiative Transfer Calculations in Earth’s Atmosphere. Part I: Thermal Infrared (Longwave) Radiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 2237-2256
Author(s):  
Ming-Dah Chou ◽  
Jack Chung-Chieh Yu ◽  
Wei-Liang Lee ◽  
Chein-Jung Shiu ◽  
Kyu-Tae Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Spectral Band ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Spectral Point ◽  
Distribution Scheme ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reference Pressure

Abstract A new k-distribution scheme of longwave radiation without the correlated-k-distribution assumption is developed. Grouping of spectral points is based on the line-by-line (LBL)-calculated absorption coefficient k at a few sets of reference pressure pr and temperature θr, where the cooling rate is substantial in a spectral band. In this new scheme, the range of k(pr, θr) of a band is divided into a number of equal intervals, or g groups, in log10(kr). A spectral point at the wavenumber ν is identified with one of the g groups according to its kν(pr, θr). For each g group, a Planck-weighted k-distribution function Hg and a nonlinearly averaged absorption coefficient k¯g⁡(p,θ) are derived. The function Hg and the absorption coefficient k¯g⁡(p,θ) constitute the new k-distribution scheme. In this k-distribution scheme, a spectral point can only be identified with a g group regardless of pressure and temperature, which is different from the correlated-k distribution scheme. The k-distribution scheme is applied to the H2O, CO2, O3, N2O, and CH4 absorption bands, and results are compared with LBL calculations. To balance between the accuracy and the computational economy, the number of g groups in a band of a given gas is chosen such that 1) the difference in cooling rate is <0.1 K day−1 in the troposphere and <1.0 K day−1 in the stratosphere and 2) the difference in fluxes is <0.5 W m−2 at both the top of the atmosphere and the surface. These differences are attained with 130 g groups, which is the sum of the g groups of all five gases.

scholarly journals A New k-Distribution Scheme for Clear-Sky Radiative Transfer Calculations in Earth’s Atmosphere. Part II: Solar (Shortwave) Heating due to H2O and CO2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Dah Chou ◽  
Kyu-Tae Lee ◽  
Il-Sung Zo ◽  
Wei-Liang Lee ◽  
Chein-Jung Shiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Solar Heating ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Distribution Scheme ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Low Pressures ◽  
Maximum Heating

AbstractA new k-distribution scheme without the assumption of the correlation between the absorption coefficients at different pressures is developed for solar heating due to water vapor and CO2. Grouping of spectral points is based on the observation that radiation at spectral points with a large absorption coefficient is quickly absorbed to heat the stratosphere, and the heating below is attributable to the absorption of the solar radiation at the remaining spectral points. By grouping the spectral points with a large absorption coefficient at low pressures, the range of the absorption coefficient of the remaining spectral points is narrowed, and the k-distribution approximation can be accurately applied to compute solar heating in both the stratosphere and troposphere. Grouping of the spectral points is based on the absorption coefficient at a couple of reference pressures where heating is significant. With a total number of 52 spectral groups in the water vapor and CO2 bands, fluxes and heating rates were calculated for various solar zenith angles in some typical and sampled atmospheres in diverse climatic regimes and seasons. The maximum heating rate difference between the k-distribution and line-by-line calculations is < 0.09 K day-1 for water vapor, and < 0.2 K day-1 for CO2. The difference in the surface radiation is ~ 1.4 W m-2 for water vapor and 0.6 W m-2 for CO2, while it could increase to 2.6 W m-2 due to overlapping absorption. These results can be improved by increasing the number of spectral groups at the expense of computational economy.

I Like Her, Because I Like Myself: Self-Evaluation as a Source of Interpersonal Attitudes

2003 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Walther ◽  
Claudia Trasselli
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Learning Phase ◽  
The Self ◽  
Attitude Formation ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
False Feedback ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that self-evaluation can serve as a source of interpersonal attitudes. In the first study, self-evaluation was manipulated by means of false feedback. A subsequent learning phase demonstrated that the co-occurrence of the self with another individual influenced the evaluation of this previously neutral target. Whereas evaluative self-target similarity increased under conditions of negative self-evaluation, an opposite effect emerged in the positive self-evaluation group. A second study replicated these findings and showed that the difference between positive and negative self-evaluation conditions disappeared when a load manipulation was applied. The implications of self-evaluation for attitude formation processes are discussed.

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ivermectin and Topical Permethrin in the Treatment of Scabies

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Mohsena Akhter ◽  
Ishrat Bhuiyan ◽  
Zulfiqer Hossain Khan ◽  
Mahfuza Akhter ◽  
Gulam Kazem Ali Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Common Skin ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B

Background: Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases in our country. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis, which is an ecto-parasite infesting the epidermis. Scabies is highly contagious. Prevalence is high in congested or densely populated areas. Individuals with close contact with an affected person should be treated with scabicidal which is available in both oral and topical formulations. The only oral but highly effective scabicidal known to date is Ivermectin. Amongst topical preparations, Permethrin 5 % cream is the treatment of choice. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy & safety of oral Ivermectin compared to topical Permethrin in the treatment of scabies. Methodology: This prospective, non-randomized study was conducted at the out-patient department of Dermatology and Venereology of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital over a period of 6 months, from August 2016 to January 2017. The study population consisted of one hundred patients having scabies, enrolled according to inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups. group A was subjected to oral Ivermectin and the group B to Permethrin 5% cream. Patients were followed up on day 7 and 14 for assessment of efficacy and safety. Result: The mean scoring with SD in group A (Ivermectin) and group B (Permethrin) were 8.26 ± 2.22 and 7.59 ± 2.01 respectively at the time of observation. The difference between the mean score of the two group is not significant (p=0.117) the mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 4.54 ± 2.05 and 1.64 ± 1.84 respectively at 7thdays. The difference between the mean score of the two group is significant (p<0.001). The mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 2.68± 2.35 and .36± 1.10 respectively at 14th day difference between the mean score of the group is significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Topical application of permethrin 5% cream is more effective and safer than oral Ivermectin in the treatment of scabies. TAJ 2020; 33(1): 41-47

Effect of Sample Storage Conditions on Body Burden Analysis of Organic Contaminants in Unionid Mussels

1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 833-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micheline Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sample Storage ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Unionid Mussels ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B

Abstract In order to quantitatively assess the effect of sample storage conditions on the body burden analysis of organic contaminants, a comparative analysis was carried out on the unionid mussel Elliptic complanata. The mussels were divided into two groups, each with distinct storage conditions, while Group A was kept in the freezer at −20°C, Group B was kept in the refrigerator for five days at 5°C. All the compounds present in the control were also present in Group B samples. Analysis of the organic contaminants in each of these two groups showed that for total PCB concentrations, the two treatments were not significantly different; however when compared individually 6 of the 13 PCB congeners showed significant differences. The observed differences were relatively small for individual PCB congeners (7.1 to 15.3%), higher for chlorobenzenes (10.5 to 36.4%), and yet higher for HCE (44.1%); the difference for HCE, although large is nevertheless not significant, even if only marginally so.

Polarographic and spectrophotometric behaviour of some N-p-phenyl substituted benzamidines

1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 2791-2799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan A. Squella ◽  
Luis J. Nuñez-Vergara ◽  
Hernan Rodríguez ◽  
Amelia Márquez ◽  
Jose M. Rodríguez-Mellado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectrophotometric Study ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Electrochemical Parameters ◽  
Wide Ph Range ◽  
Group A ◽  
Substituent Constants ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
The Waves

Five N-p-phenyl substituted benzamidines were studied by DC and DP polarography in a wide pH range. Coulometric results show that the overall processes are four-electron reductions. Logarithmic analysis of the waves indicate that the process are irreversible. The influence of the pH on the polarographic parameters was also studied. A UV spectrophotometric study was performed in the pH range 2-13. In basic media some variations in the absorption bands were observed due to the dissociation of the amidine group. A determination of the pK values was made by deconvolution of the spectra. Correlations of both the electrochemical parameters and spectrophotometric pK values with the Hammett substituent constants were obtained.

scholarly journals The Pandemic and Changes in the Self-Perception of Teacher Digital Competences of Infant Grade Students: A Cross Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4756
Author(s):  
Rosalía Romero-Tena ◽  
Carmen Llorente-Cejudo ◽  
María Puig-Gutiérrez ◽  
Raquel Barragán-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Digital Competence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Group A ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B

Without having a reaction time, the pandemic has caused an unprecedented transformation in universities around the world, leading to a revolution from structured models anchored in the conception of transmission of training towards a teaching approach-learning saved thanks to the incorporation of technology. This study aims to verify whether the pandemic situation has influenced the digital competence self-perception of students. Comparing two groups during the academic years 2019/2020 and 2020/2021, the instrument used is the questionnaire for digital competence “DigCompEdu Check-In” for future teachers. After the educational intervention, group A (before COVID-19) presented higher self-perceptions of competence than group B (during COVID-19); the pandemic situation caused by COVID-19 has negatively influenced students’ self-perception of their digital skills in the pretest in the different dimensions under study. Before receiving the training, the group that did not experience the pandemic enjoyed a higher self-perception of their competencies than the group that experienced the pandemic. The data obtained indicate that the difference exists, and that it is statistically significant, and may be a consequence of the clear relationship between self-perception and the way in which students face reality through their personal and subjective vision.

Does body position, age, and heart rate induce IOP’s changes?

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110233
Author(s):  
Marcelina Sobczak ◽  
Magdalena Asejczyk ◽  
Malwina Geniusz
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cardiovascular Parameters ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B ◽  
Effect Of Age

Objectives: The main goal of this research was to determine the differences between the values of intraocular pressure (IOP) in the supine and sitting positions, and to assess the effect of age and cardiovascular parameters. Methods: Seventy-two healthy adults were enrolled and classified into age groups: 20–30 years (group A), 31–40 years (group B), and 41–71 years (group C). Corneal biometry and cardiovascular parameters, such as heart rate (HR), were measured. IOP measurements were taken in the sitting position (IOPS) and in the supine position (IOPL) using the iCare® Pro tonometer. Results: A significant difference between the IOPS and IOPL in the entire cohort was found ( p < 0.001). Regarding the age subgroups, a significant difference ( p < 0.001) between the IOPS and IOPL was obtained in group A (2.6 ± 1.6 mmHg) and group C (1.5 ± 1.3 mmHg). There were no significant differences in the IOPS between groups. The highest IOP values were obtained for group A. The correlations between HR and IOPS are statistically significant for group A and group B, and for HR and IOPL-S for group B only. Multivariate analysis showed that HR has a significant influence on the difference in IOP in the two body positions. Conclusion: A statistically significant difference between the effect of age and the values of IOPS and IOPL was shown. Cardiovascular parameters showed some relevant statistical dependencies, but with a rather marginal significance in young people. The influence of body position for the measurement of IOP for healthy subjects does not seem to matter, despite the fact that there are some dependencies that are statistically significant.

scholarly journals Monopolar Diathermy Tonsillectomy Versus Dissection Method Tonsillectomy

KYAMC Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Md Abdus Salam ◽  
Md Mahbub Alam ◽  
Rezwan Ahmed ◽  
Md Sultan Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Pain ◽  
Postoperative Bleeding ◽  
Throat Pain ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Case Surgery ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B ◽  
Dissection Method

Background: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed worldwide by otorhinolaryngologists for different indications. Tonsillectomy is often performed as day-case surgery, which increases the demands of a satisfactory postoperative pain control and a low risk of early postoperative bleeding. Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the Monopolar diathermy and Dissection methods of tonsillectomy and evaluate their advantages and disadvantages during surgery, convalescence. Materials and Methods: Two hundred children were recruited for this study during the period of five years from January, 2014 to December, 2018 at Otolaryngology department of Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College and Hospital (KYAMCH). Subjects between the age of 5 and 25 years listed for tonsillectomy were included. Subjects were recommended not to have aspirin within the 2 weeks before surgery. Results: The mean duration of operation was found 10.6±0.4 minutes in group A and 17.0±0.7 minutes in group B. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05) between two groups. At 1st day, 11(11.0%) patients had throat pain in group A and 23(23.0%) in group B. At 2nd day, 14(14.0%) patients had throat pain in group A and 25(25.0%) in group B. Which were statistically significant (p<0.05) between two groups. Conclusion: The monopolar diathermy tonsillectomy appears to cause less bleeding, postoperative pain and less time consuming in compare with the dissection tonsillectomy although patients experience slightly more pain than dissection Method. KYAMC Journal Vol. 10, No.-1, April 2019, Page 21-24

scholarly journals Anal sphincter dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: an observation manometric study

Open Medicine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 509-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Marola ◽  
Alessia Ferrarese ◽  
Enrico Gibin ◽  
Marco Capobianco ◽  
Antonio Bertolotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Fecal Incontinence ◽  
Anal Pressure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Resting Anal Pressure ◽  
Group B ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients ◽  
Group D

AbstractConstipation, obstructed defecation, and fecal incontinence are frequent complaints in multiple sclerosis. The literature on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these disorders is scant. Using anorectal manometry, we compared the anorectal function in patients with and without multiple sclerosis.136 patients referred from our Center for Multiple Sclerosis to the Coloproctology Outpatient Clinic, between January 2005 and December 2011, were enrolled. The patients were divided into four groups: multiple sclerosis patients with constipation (group A); multiple sclerosis patients with fecal incontinence (group B); non-multiple sclerosis patients with constipation (group C); non-multiple sclerosis patients with fecal incontinence (group D). Anorectal manometry was performed to measure: resting anal pressure; maximum squeeze pressure; rectoanal inhibitory reflex; filling pressure and urge pressure. The difference between resting anal pressure before and after maximum squeeze maneuvers was defined as the change in resting anal pressure calculated for each patient.ResultsGroup A patients were noted to have greater sphincter hypotonia at rest and during contraction compared with those in group C (p=0.02); the rectal sensitivity threshold was lower in group B than in group D patients (p=0.02). No voluntary postcontraction sphincter relaxation was observed in either group A or group B patients (p=0.891 and p=0.939, respectively).ConclusionsThe decrease in the difference in resting anal pressure before and after maximum squeeze maneuvers suggests post-contraction sphincter spasticity, indicating impaired pelvic floor coordination in multiple sclerosis patients. A knowledge of manometric alterations in such patients may be clinically relevant in the selection of patients for appropriate treatments and for planning targeted rehabilitation therapy.

scholarly journals The influence of observed and modelled net longwave radiation on the rate of estimated potential evapotranspiration

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitka Kofroňová ◽  
Miroslav Tesař ◽  
Václav Šípek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Parameter Calibration ◽  
Atmospheric Emissivity ◽  
The Bohemian Forest ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Longwave radiation, as part of the radiation balance, is one of the factors needed to estimate potential evapotranspiration (PET). Since the longwave radiation balance is rarely measured, many computational methods have been designed. In this study, we report on the difference between the observed longwave radiation balance and modelling results obtained using the two main procedures outlined in FAO24 (relying on the measured sunshine duration) and FAO56 (based on the measured solar radiation) manuals. The performance of these equations was evaluated in the April–October period over eight years at the Liz experimental catchment and grass surface in the Bohemian Forest (Czech Republic). The coefficients of both methods, which describe the influence of cloudiness factor and atmospheric emissivity of the air, were calibrated. The Penman-Monteith method was used to calculate the PET. The use of default coefficient values gave errors of 40–100 mm (FAO56) and 0–20 mm (FAO24) for the seasonal PET estimates (the PET was usually overestimated). Parameter calibration decreased the FAO56 error to less than 20 mm per season (FAO24 remained unaffected by the calibration). The FAO56 approach with calibrated coefficients proved to be more suitable for estimation of the longwave radiation balance.

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