The Shifting Grounds for Immigration

1986 ◽  
Vol 485 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL J. PIORE
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Circular Migration ◽  
Dual Labor Market ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Immigrant Entrepreneurship ◽  
Secondary Sector ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Recent Developments

This article is addressed to the theory of the international migration of workers to low-wage sectors of developed industrial economies from underdeveloped regions. Its starting point is the framework of analysis originally put forward in Birds of Passage, a framework built around the notion of circular migration through the secondary sector of a dual labor market. It then discusses how that theory might be amended in light of recent developments in migration patterns to encompass enclave economies, immigrant entrepreneurship, and the settlement process.

Migration Patterns in East and Southeast Asia: Causes and Consequences

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 511-531
Author(s):  
Eric Fong ◽  
Kumiko Shibuya
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Destination Area ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
East And Southeast Asia

Our review starts by considering the regional development of East and Southeast Asia. We then address major trends related to international migration within the region. First, we focus on labor migration, which has been a dominant type of migration in the region in the last four decades. We highlight consequences such as development in the destination area, remittances, and children who are left behind. Second, we highlight recent developments in research related to migrant domestic helpers. In this review, we argue that most studies about migrants in East and Southeast Asia are descriptive in nature, because limited data are available for detailed analysis. Consequently, there has been little opportunity or effort to theorize the migration patterns in the region. Our review suggests the need to move beyond case studies and descriptive reports and to step up efforts to make theoretical contributions to international migration in East and Southeast Asia.

scholarly journals Measuring The Social Opportunity Cost of Labor In Mexico

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia B. Guillermo-Peon ◽  
Arnold C. Harberger
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Welfare Economics ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
Benefit Cost

This paper reviews the theory underlying the concept of the social opportunity cost of labor (SOCL), as that concept is used in benefit-cost analysis and in applied welfare economics generally. It then presents in detail the procedures to be followed in estimating the SOCL in real-world cases. Important steps in data processing include calculating gross and net wages from data on “reported” wages. Further economic analysis involves taking account of migration patterns and of labor market duality. Estimates are made for 32 labor market areas in Mexico, covering 21 occupations for males and 19 for females.Our main results are a) that there are important differences between reported wages and the gross wages paid by employers, and also between both of these and the net wages received by workers, and b) that taking labor market duality into account leads to significant modifications of our SOCL estimates. More important, perhaps, than our specific estimates for Mexico, is the methodological framework that we use. This framework, based on the fundamental principles of applied welfare economics, can serve as a useful starting point for serious estimation of the SOCL for other countries.

Let’s flow! Circular migration and transhumant mobility among the Tushetians of Georgia

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Florian Mühlfried
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Circular Migration ◽  
Eurozone Crisis ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Georgian Population

This paper deals with the migration practices of a Georgian population called the Tushetians and their recent developments. After an outline of the Tushetians’ traditional and contemporary migration patterns, details of migration to the Russian Federation, Spain and Greece are presented, followed by some reflections on the impact of these forms of migration on gender roles in the home villages. This leads to a more general discussion of the compatibility of Tushetian migration patterns with the European Union (EU) policy of circular migration, as well as the impact of the Eurozone crisis on migrants from post-socialist countries such as Georgia.

Migration Patterns and Labor Market Outcomes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anda David ◽  
Mohamed Ali Marouani
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Spatial Composition

This chapter focuses on the external effects of emigration on non-migrants, and particularly on the interactions with labor market outcomes in Tunisia before and after the revolution. Using the new Tunisia Labor Market Panel Survey (TLMPS), we conduct an in-depth analysis of the structure and dynamics of migration, including the profile of migrants and their origin households, mainly in terms of skills and spatial composition. We investigate transition matrices, employment status, income for current migrants and returnees, and the evolution of remittances. Our analysis confirms the role of emigration as a safety valve for the Tunisian labor market. Moreover, origin households of migrants have a significantly higher wealth index. Our analysis also tends to confirm the effects of remittances on labor supply of non-migrants, which can have a negative impact on Tunisia’s unemployment rate when a crisis in destination countries affects the remittance rate negatively.

Migrant Taxes and International Migration Patterns

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saibal Kar
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Migration Pattern ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Skill Group ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Symmetric Information ◽  
Regressive Tax

This article investigates the effect of ‘migration taxes’ on the migration pattern for skill types under asymmetric information in cross-border labour markets. In the presence of migration taxes, the top skill group migrating under complete asymmetric information may not be lower than that under symmetric information. We also establish that for the revenue maximizing tax authority, the regressive tax structure across skill types Pareto dominates all other schemes.

Recent Developments in Social Policy in the New European Union

ILR Review ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Addison ◽  
W. Stanley Siebert
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Adjustment Costs ◽  
Labor Policy ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Labor Market Regulation ◽  
Future Direction

This paper assesses the recent progress and future direction of labor policy in the European Community, now the European Union. The authors show that most of the mandates foreshadowed under the December 1989 Community Social Charter have now been enacted into law. They analyze the possible costs, as well as the benefits, of these firstphase mandates and show the link between these adjustment costs and the Community's policy of providing subsidies to its poorer member states. They also demonstrate how the new Treaty on European Union, agreed to at Maastricht in December 1991, has increased the scope for Community-level labor market regulation.

scholarly journals The Multiple Aspects of ‘Time’ Rendering Justice for War Crimes in Iraq

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Thomas Obel Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Transitional Justice ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Military Establishment ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Domestic Level

Abstract This article takes the starting point in an examination of the case study of accountability for UK war crimes in Iraq, to engage recent developments in the transitional justice field. The article observes that while some passage of time in the context of war-related crimes tends to be a precondition for any kind of justice, the passage of time can easily end up complicating and obscuring the prospects for justice. The article demonstrates how accountability at the domestic level for these crimes has become increasingly implausible with time, partly due to the development of a prevailing narrative of ‘cycles’ of ineffective investigations (and re-investigations) that have become politically loaded and increasingly unpopular especially in what could be labelled the ‘pro-military establishment’.

scholarly journals Temping fates in Spain: hours and employment in a dual labor market during the Great Recession and COVID-19

SERIEs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Lafuente ◽  
Raül Santaeulàlia-Llopis ◽  
Ludo Visschers
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Dual Labor Market ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Temporary Contracts ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Permanent Workers ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe investigate the behavior of aggregate hours supplied by workers in permanent (open-ended) contracts and temporary contracts, distinguishing changes in employment (extensive margin) and hours per worker (intensive margin). We focus on the differences between the Great Recession and the start of the COVID-19 Recession. In the Great Recession, the loss in aggregate hours is largely accounted for by employment losses (hours per worker did not adjust) and initially mainly by workers in temporary contracts. In contrast, in the early stages of the COVID-19 Recession, approximately sixty percent of the drop in aggregate hours is accounted for by permanent workers that do not only adjust hours per worker (beyond average) but also face employment losses—accounting for one-third of the total employment losses in the economy. We argue that our comparison across recessions allows for a more general discussion on the impact of adjustment frictions in the dual labor market and the effects policy, in particular the short-time work policy (ERTE) in Spain.

scholarly journals Dual-Labor Market and Unemployment Compensation

ECONOMICS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-35
Author(s):  
Taro Abe
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Competitive Market ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Dual Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Compensation ◽  
Imperfectly Competitive ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Demand Constraint ◽  
Economic Regime

AbstractThis paper discusses the impact of unemployment compensation on the employment and wages of regular and non-regular labor in a dual-labor market. The model in this paper assumes an effective demand constraint and an imperfectly competitive market. The results obtained are as follows. An increase in unemployment compensation increases the wages of regular labor to maintain its productivity. However, this temporarily decreases the employment of regular labor, so that the productivity and wages of non-regular labor decrease. The result is an increase in the relative wage rate of regular labor and the relative amount of non-regular labor employed. This result is independent of any economic regime. In terms of the impact on employment volume, the existence of two regimes, one wage-driven and one profit-driven, is confirmed. However, the effect on employment is weaker if unemployment compensation is financed by taxing profits.

scholarly journals Endogenous and exogenous electric fields as modifiers of brain activity: rational design of noninvasive brain stimulation with transcranial alternating current stimulation

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Alternating Current ◽  
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation

Synchronized neuronal activity in the cortex generates weak electric fields that are routinely measured in humans and animal models by electroencephalography and local field potential recordings. Traditionally, these endogenous electric fields have been considered to be an epiphenomenon of brain activity. Recent work has demonstrated that active cortical networks are surprisingly susceptible to weak perturbations of the membrane voltage of a large number of neurons by electric fields. Simultaneously, noninvasive brain stimulation with weak, exogenous electric fields (transcranial current stimulation, TCS) has undergone a renaissance due to the broad scope of its possible applications in modulating brain activity for cognitive enhancement and treatment of brain disorders. This review aims to interface the recent developments in the study of both endogenous and exogenous electric fields, with a particular focus on rhythmic stimulation for the modulation of cortical oscillations. The main goal is to provide a starting point for the use of rational design for the development of novel mechanism-based TCS therapeutics based on transcranial alternating current stimulation, for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses.

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