The New Closed Shop? The Economic and Structural Effects of Occupational Licensure

2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Redbird
Keyword(s):  
Structural Effects ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wage Premiums ◽  
Occupational Closure ◽  
Historically Disadvantaged ◽  
Prevalent Form ◽  
Broad Consensus

During the past few decades, licensure, a state-enforced mechanism for regulating occupational entry, quickly became the most prevalent form of occupational closure. Broad consensus among researchers holds that licensure creates wage premiums by establishing economic monopolies. This article demonstrates that, contrary to established wisdom, licensure does not limit competition, nor does it increase wages. Results are based on a new occupational dataset, covering 30 years, that exploits interstate variability in licensure across the 300 census-identified occupations. I argue that licensure, instead of increasing wages, creates a set of institutional mechanisms that enhance entry into the occupation, particularly for historically disadvantaged groups, while simultaneously stagnating quality.

The Birth of the National Historical Writing in England and France

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Palamarchuk ◽  
◽  
Ekaterina Terenteva ◽  
Sergey Fyodorov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Past ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Prevalent Form ◽  
Xviith Century

The monograph is a study of main trends of emergence and evolution of the national historical writing in Western Europe in the XVIIth century. Based on a complex analysis of several phenomena which defined the development of the Early Modern historical writing, it provides a comparative analysis of the regional schools of historical writing (particularly those of the English antiquaries and French érudits) in the process of their respective growth and formation accomplished by the end of XVIIth century with the advent of the national historiography. The conceptual unity of the book is verified within the context of the rise of the national states in England and France, which stipulated a consistent demand for reinforcing the nationally orientated discourses not only in a historical writing but also in legal and political thought. The perception of England as an empire, entrenched in the insular historical and legal consciousness, recurring during the reigns of the Stuarts and extending to the whole British archipelago, determined the establishment of chorography as a prevalent form characteristic of the English historiography. Chorographic structure of the narrative unfolding the space of the territorial “empire” to the reader corresponded to the method of “intellectual appropriation” of the British Isles by the English antiquarians which could be defined as “cultural-historical”. A considerable role was devoted to reactualization of ethnogenetic myths at different levels: while some of them (primarily – the Galfridian myth) were regarded as relevant to the pan-British cultural and historical past, others emphasized autonomous dimensions of the past and present of distinct composites (Scotland, Ireland, Wales) The continental French variant of proto-national historiography also utilized the idea of empire but in a different mode defined by the formula “rex in regno suo imperator est”. The emerging school of érudits modelled principles of its narratives on patrimonial structures rooted in the feudal medieval society (dynasty; royal family; aristocratic lineages; seigneurial rights and vassal obligations; the system of offices created by the monarch stemming from the royal household etc.). The unity of the subjects of the French kingdom was ensured not by the shared territorial commonality but by their loyalty to the king. Therefore, the French variant of “intellectual appropriation” was developed in a socio-political direction in contrast to the territorial.

‘Know Thyself’: What Kind of an Injunction?

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 211-227
Author(s):  
Rowan Williams
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Complex Character ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Self Discovery ◽  
The Right

To be told, ‘know thyself’ is to be told that I don't know myself yet: it carries the assumption that I am in some sense distracted from what or who I actually am, that I am in error or at least ignorance about myself. It thus further suggests that my habitual stresses, confusions and frustrations are substantially the result of failure or inability to see what is most profoundly true of me: the complex character of my injuries or traumas, the distinctive potential given me by my history and temperament. I conceal my true feelings from my knowing self; I am content to accept the ways in which other people define me, and so fail to ‘take my own authority’ and decide for myself who or what I shall be. The therapy-orientated culture of the North Atlantic world in the past couple of decades has increasingly taken this picture as foundational, looking to ‘self-discovery’ or ‘self-realization’ as the precondition of moral and mental welfare. And the sense of individual alienation from a true and authoritative selfhood mirrors the political struggle for the right of hitherto disadvantaged groups, especially non-white and non-male, to establish their own self-definition. The rhetoric of discovering a true but buried identity spreads over both private and political spheres. The slogan of the earliest generation of articulate feminists, ‘The personal is the political’, expresses the recognition of how this connection might be made.

scholarly journals System justification among the disadvantaged: A triadic social stratification perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Caricati ◽  
Chuma Kevin Owuamalam
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
System Justification ◽  
Stratification Theory ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
The Past ◽  
System P ◽  
The Social ◽  
Identity Model ◽  
Dyadic Systems

For the past 25 years, the field of social and political psychology has embraced the idea that humans possess a special system justification motivation which causes even members of disadvantaged groups to support societal systems that ostensibly operate against their personal and group interests. Recently, this system justification motive explanation has been challenged, based on mounting empirical evidence to the contrary. However, the potential demise of this dominant perspective invites explanations for the system justification phenomenon, especially amongst the disadvantaged. Existing interest-based accounts, such as the social identity model of system attitudes have tried to fill this gap, but have generally focused on system rationalisation processes within dyadic systems that pitch disadvantaged groups against their privileged counterparts alone. The current contribution extends the existing interest-based accounts by explaining system justification effects in multi-stratified social systems. Based on the triadic social stratification theory, we propose that system justification among the disadvantaged may result from favourable inter-status comparisons within a multi-stratified social system.

scholarly journals Koncepcja semiotycznej pamięci kultury Jurija Łotmana jako zasada generatywna w badaniach nad pamięcią społeczną

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 147-167
Author(s):  
Paweł Winiarski
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Social Memory ◽  
Sociology Of Culture ◽  
Structural Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Memory Culture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Oriented Research

For sociologically oriented research into memory, the finding of connections between cultural mechanisms of constructing the past and their socio-structural effects is important. In this context, a principle linking phenomena of memory, culture, and social structure should be of use. This article is devoted to Yuri Lotman’s concept of the semiotic memory of culture, which the author believes could serve as a generative rule for this type of research in the sociology of culture. In the case of studies on social memory, Lotman’s concept constitutes a methodological bridge between phenomena of social memory and the transmission of culture, enabling the question of how the memory of the individual participates in collective memory to be answered.

scholarly journals TECHO DE CRISTAL EN LAS UNIVERSIDADES ESPAÑOLAS. DIAGNÓSTICO Y CAUSAS

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazareth Gallego-Morón ◽  
Mauricio Matus-López
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Power Networks ◽  
The Past ◽  
Spanish Universities ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Broad Consensus

Resumen:En 1996 las mujeres representaban el 13,2% del total de las cátedras, frente al 86,8% de los hombres (Comisión Europea, 2000). Veinte años después, éstas constituían el 21,6% y sus compañeros varones el 78,4% (MECD, 2016). La problemática del menor acceso de las mujeres a las categorías profesionales más altas se denomina techo de cristal. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las causas de este fenómeno en las universidades españolas. Para ello se realizó una revisión de los estudios publicados en los últimos veinticinco años en las bases de datos nacionales e internacionales, a las que se agregó la revisión de informes de organismos públicos. Los resultados muestran un diagnóstico similar pero distintas conclusiones sobre las causas. Entre estas destacan los problemas de conciliación entre la vida personal, familiar y laboral derivados de la maternidad y las cargas familiares, junto con la existencia de redes implícitas de poder masculino y sistemas de cooptación. Todos estos producidos en un contexto social caracterizado históricamente por un sistema patriarcal y androcéntrico. Abstract:In 1996 women accounted for 13,2% of all professors, compared with 86,8% for men at Spanish universities (European Commission, 2000). Twenty years later these percentages are 21,6% and 78,4%, respectively (MECD, 2016). This phenomenon, that consists in the less proportional presence of women in the higher categories, is known as glass ceiling. The aim of this article is to analyze the causes on this phenomenon in Spanish universities. To this was done a systematic review of the literature, published in the past twenty-five years in national and international databases. It was added the review of public institutions reports. Results show a similar diagnostic, however there is not a broad consensus on the causes. Among the causes are identified problems of conciliation personal, familiar and labor, and the existence of masculinized power networks and systems of cooptation. All of these in a patriarchal and androcentric society.

Part Two Rights, 4 Equality

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Espinosa Manuel José Cepeda ◽  
Landau David
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
The Public ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Substantive Equality ◽  
Public Transportation System ◽  
Historically Disadvantaged

This chapter reviews the Colombian Constitutional Court’s jurisprudence on equality. In accordance with the constitutional text, the Court has developed a substantive conception of equality, one that allows and even encourages special measures on behalf of historically disadvantaged groups. This case law is of particular importance given the historically stratified and unequal nature of Colombian society. This chapter reviews the Court’s jurisprudence legalizing same-sex marriage, allowing gender quotas on behalf of female public officials, and requiring that the Bogota authorities take steps to make the public transportation system handicapped-accessible. In all of these cases, the Court has taken steps toward the achievement of substantive equality on behalf of the historically disadvantaged.

The Doctrine of Humanity

2019 ◽  
pp. 316-331
Author(s):  
Marguerite Shuster
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
North American ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Original Sin ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Moral Accountability ◽  
Historically Disadvantaged ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bear Witness

This chapter elaborates the classic content and evolving emphases of the doctrine of humanity in North American Presbyterianism. It considers human dignity as given in God’s bestowal of the divine image, including the duties entailed by the image; human misery, resulting from original sin understood as leading to total or radical depravity; the nature and limits of free will, understood in an Augustinian sense; and the locus of hope in the efficacious, redemptive grace of God, sufficient to overcome humanity’s bondage to sin, and conjoined to the continuing function of the divine law. It discusses the impact of scientific progress on Christian self-understanding, cautioning against alleged determinisms that threaten human moral accountability. It also observes that later confessional documents increasingly emphasize the dignity of historically disadvantaged groups, as well as bear witness to social and political aspects of human sinfulness.

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