scholarly journals EXPRESS: Clinical Spectroscopy: Lost in Translation?

2021 ◽  
pp. 000370282110218
Author(s):  
James M. Cameron ◽  
Christopher Rinaldi ◽  
Samantha H. Rutherford ◽  
Alexandra Sala ◽  
Ashton G. Theakstone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrational Spectroscopy ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Clinical Pathways ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Raman And Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Economic Barriers ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Lost In Translation

This focal point article discusses the developments of biomedical Raman and infrared spectroscopy, and the recent strive towards being a recognised clinical tool for various applications. The promise of vibrational spectroscopy in the field of biomedical science, alongside the development of computational methods for spectral analysis, has driven a plethora of proof-of-concept studies which convey the potential of various spectroscopic approaches. Here we report a brief review of the literature published over the past few decades, with a focus on the current technical, clinical and economic barriers to translation, namely the limitations of many of these early studies, the lack of understanding of clinical pathways, health technology assessments, regulatory approval, clinical feasibility and funding applications. The field of biomedical vibrational spectroscopy must acknowledge and overcome these hurdles in order to achieve clinical efficacy. Current prospects have been overviewed with comment on the advised future direction of spectroscopic technologies, with the aspiration that many of these innovative approaches can ultimately reach the frontier of medical diagnostics and other clinical applications.

scholarly journals Convolution Network with Custom Loss Function for the Denoising of Low SNR Raman Spectra

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4623
Author(s):  
Sinead Barton ◽  
Salaheddin Alakkari ◽  
Kevin O’Dwyer ◽  
Tomas Ward ◽  
Bryan Hennelly
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Loss Function ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Low Snr ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Spectral Peaks ◽  
Noise Ratio

Raman spectroscopy is a powerful diagnostic tool in biomedical science, whereby different disease groups can be classified based on subtle differences in the cell or tissue spectra. A key component in the classification of Raman spectra is the application of multi-variate statistical models. However, Raman scattering is a weak process, resulting in a trade-off between acquisition times and signal-to-noise ratios, which has limited its more widespread adoption as a clinical tool. Typically denoising is applied to the Raman spectrum from a biological sample to improve the signal-to-noise ratio before application of statistical modeling. A popular method for performing this is Savitsky–Golay filtering. Such an algorithm is difficult to tailor so that it can strike a balance between denoising and excessive smoothing of spectral peaks, the characteristics of which are critically important for classification purposes. In this paper, we demonstrate how Convolutional Neural Networks may be enhanced with a non-standard loss function in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio of spectra while limiting corruption of the spectral peaks. Simulated Raman spectra and experimental data are used to train and evaluate the performance of the algorithm in terms of the signal to noise ratio and peak fidelity. The proposed method is demonstrated to effectively smooth noise while preserving spectral features in low intensity spectra which is advantageous when compared with Savitzky–Golay filtering. For low intensity spectra the proposed algorithm was shown to improve the signal to noise ratios by up to 100% in terms of both local and overall signal to noise ratios, indicating that this method would be most suitable for low light or high throughput applications.

Synthèse et caractérisation des oxypentafluorouranates(VI) NH4UOF5, KUOF5, RbUOF5 et CsUOF5

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (14) ◽  
pp. 1874-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Joubert ◽  
Roland Bougon ◽  
Bernard Gaudreau
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Vibrational Spectroscopy ◽  
Uranium Atom ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metal Fluoride ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Raman And Infrared Spectroscopy

The oxypentafluorouranates(VI) MUOF5, where M = NH4, K, Rb, Cs, have been synthetized from reaction of UOF4 with the ammonium or corresponding alkali metal fluoride in liquid SO2. According to X-ray diffraction, Raman and infrared spectroscopy, and from an isomorphism with the corresponding hexafluorouranates(V) MUF6, two different environments around the uranium atom are observed. In CsUOF5 the five fluorine atoms and the oxygen around the uranium result in a pseudo-octahedral surrounding whereas for the other complexes (M = NH4, K, Rb) each uranium is surrounded by eight light atoms forming a dodecahedron. In this structure the dodecahedra are linked together by fluorine atoms to form infinite chains. The UOF5− ion has been characterized by vibrational spectroscopy in the solid state. The proposed assignment, which was made with the assumption of a C4v symmetry of the UOF5− ion, was confirmed by a force constant calculation. From these data and contrary to the values reported for comparable oxypentafluoroanions, the axial fluorine is found to be less ionic than the equatorial ones.

Vibrational spectroscopy in biomedical science: bone

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Gamsjäger ◽  
R. Zoehrer ◽  
P. Roschger ◽  
P. Fratzl ◽  
K. Klaushofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrational Spectroscopy ◽  
Biomedical Science

scholarly journals Sustainability Reporting of Banking Companies in Bangladesh: A Study on Environmental Aspect

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Sustainability Reporting ◽  
Global Reporting Initiative ◽  
Environmental Aspect ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Reporting Practice ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
Future Direction

The purpose of this paper is to know the rules and regulations of sustainability reporting in Bangladesh, the extent of sustainability reporting practice, way of reporting in banking companies of Bangladesh and to assess the disclosure of environmental aspects in sustainability report of the banking companies in Bangladesh for developing a sustainable reporting culture. Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) plays a leading role in developing guidelines in the preparation of sustainability reports. That’s why GRI’s standard guideline is taken into consideration. The study revealed that sustainability related information in the banking company’s annual report was not sufficient enough. Moreover, in most of the cases, it was found that the information regarding sustainability reporting did not meet the standard of GRI guidelines. The study sketches the current sustainability reporting trends and practices of the banking industry in Bangladesh. Specifically, the environmental aspect of sustainability reporting is the focal point of this study. Reporting style, report size, items disclosed in the report, environmental awareness activities, and future direction related to sustainability reporting practice are also found in this study. It can help different levels of managers, organizations, stakeholders and regulatory authorities to identify issues and areas that they could be focused on to formulate future plans for making a sustainable future reporting culture in the banking sector of Bangladesh in order to make the world more sustainable.

scholarly journals Potentiality of Nanoenzymes for Cancer Treatment and Other Diseases: Current Status and Future Challenges

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 5965
Author(s):  
Rakesh K. Sindhu ◽  
Agnieszka Najda ◽  
Prabhjot Kaur ◽  
Muddaser Shah ◽  
Harmanpreet Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Enzyme Mimics ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Natural Enzyme ◽  
Diagnostic Applications ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Therapy And Diagnosis

Studies from past years have observed various enzymes that are artificial, which are issued to mimic naturally occurring enzymes based on their function and structure. The nanozymes possess nanomaterials that resemble natural enzymes and are considered an innovative class. This innovative class has achieved a brilliant response from various developments and researchers owing to this unique property. In this regard, numerous nanomaterials are inspected as natural enzyme mimics for multiple types of applications, such as imaging, water treatment, therapeutics, and sensing. Nanozymes have nanomaterial properties occurring with an inheritance that provides a single substitute and multiple platforms. Nanozymes can be controlled remotely via stimuli including heat, light, magnetic field, and ultrasound. Collectively, these all can be used to increase the therapeutic as well as diagnostic efficacies. These nanozymes have major biomedical applications including cancer therapy and diagnosis, medical diagnostics, and bio sensing. We summarized and emphasized the latest progress of nanozymes, including their biomedical mechanisms and applications involving synergistic and remote control nanozymes. Finally, we cover the challenges and limitations of further improving therapeutic applications and provide a future direction for using engineered nanozymes with enhanced biomedical and diagnostic applications.

scholarly journals Recent developments in Raman and infrared spectroscopy and imaging of bone tissue

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Morris ◽  
William F. Finney
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Contrast Enhancement ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Mechanical Loading ◽  
Vibrational Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Mineralized Tissue ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Raman And Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Molecular Nature

Vibrational spectroscopy is an important tool in mineralized tissue research. This review focuses on recent applications of Raman and IR spectroscopies as contrast enhancement agents, tools for studying the chemical nature of changes in bone tissue with age and disease and understanding the molecular nature of changes in bone tissue during mechanical loading and fracture.

scholarly journals Detection of cellular microRNAs with programmable DNA nanoswitches

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Richard Chandrasekaran ◽  
Molly MacIsaac ◽  
Paromita Dey ◽  
Oksana Levchenko ◽  
Lifeng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Biological Sample ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Northern Blotting ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Detection Techniques

AbstractMicroRNAs are short non-coding regulatory RNAs that are increasingly used as disease biomarkers. Detection of microRNAs can be arduous and expensive, and often requires amplification, labeling, or radioactive probes. Here we report a single-step, non-enzymatic detection assay using conformationally responsive DNA nanoswitches. Termed miRacles (microRNAactivatedconditionallooping ofengineeredswitches), our assay has sub-attomole sensitivity and single-nucleotide specificity using an agarose gel electrophoresis readout. We detect cellular microRNAs from nanogram-scale RNA extracts of differentiating muscle cells, and demonstrate multiplexed detection of several microRNAs from one biological sample. We demonstrate one-hour detection without expensive equipment or reagents, making this assay a compelling alternative to qPCR and Northern blotting.Significance statementDetection of microRNAs play a key role in biological research and medical diagnostics, and current detection methods are expensive and require sophisticated processes. We presentmicroRNAactivatedconditionallooping ofengineeredswitches (miRacles), a mix-and-read strategy that is based on conformational changes of DNA nanoswitches upon binding a target microRNA. MiRacles has a sensitivity of ∼4 copies/cell and specificity of a single nucleotide, and can be performed in one hour at a fraction of the cost of traditional microRNA detection techniques. Our method can also be multiplexed to detect multiple microRNAs from one biological sample. The minimalistic miRacles assay has immediate application in biomedical research and longer term potential as a clinical tool.

scholarly journals Magnetic Nanoparticles for Nanomedicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Hepel
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Controlled Drug Release ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Particle Imaging

The field of nanomedicine has recently emerged as a product of the expansion of a range of nanotechnologies into biomedical science, pharmacology and clinical practice. Due to the unique properties of nanoparticles and the related nanostructures, their applications to medical diagnostics, imaging, controlled drug and gene delivery, monitoring of therapeutic outcomes, and aiding in medical interventions, provide a new perspective for challenging problems in such demanding issues as those involved in the treatment of cancer or debilitating neurological diseases. In this review, we evaluate the role and contributions that the applications of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have made to various aspects of nanomedicine, including the newest magnetic particle imaging (MPI) technology allowing for outstanding spatial and temporal resolution that enables targeted contrast enhancement and real-time assistance during medical interventions. We also evaluate the applications of MNPs to the development of targeted drug delivery systems with magnetic field guidance/focusing and controlled drug release that mitigate chemotherapeutic drugs’ side effects and damage to healthy cells. These systems enable tackling of multiple drug resistance which develops in cancer cells during chemotherapeutic treatment. Furthermore, the progress in development of ROS- and heat-generating magnetic nanocarriers and magneto-mechanical cancer cell destruction, induced by an external magnetic field, is also discussed. The crucial roles of MNPs in the development of biosensors and microfluidic paper array devices (µPADs) for the detection of cancer biomarkers and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are also assessed. Future challenges concerning the role and contributions of MNPs to the progress in nanomedicine have been outlined.

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