Research Note: Smoking in Prisons—A National Survey of Correctional Administrators in the United States

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Vaughn ◽  
Rolando V. del Carmen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Impact

This article presents a national survey that assesses the policies of correctional institutions regarding staff and inmate exposure to secondary tobacco smoke. Correctional administrators from the 50 states were queried about smoking problems in prisons, focusing on disputes among inmates, among staff, and between staff and inmates. The respondents identified nonsmoking areas in their facilities and listed the various administrative responses used to alleviate the problem. The article compares the opinions of administrators on the impact of a policy that restricts or bans smoking with case studies of institutions that have already banned smoking, and concludes that more research is needed to determine the relative pros and cons of restricting or banning smoking in prisons.

Policy Implications

2018 ◽  
pp. 295-306
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Sabet ◽  
Ken C. Winters
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
United States Government ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Government Accountability ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Impact

This chapter reviews policy implications associated with legalizing marijuana for medical and recreational purposes. The authors discuss the current landscape and attitudes toward marijuana use and review the enforcement polices of the federal government, including the impact of policies within the United States Department of Justice and the United States Government Accountability Office. The chapter also examines the expanding marijuana industry and warns against the growth of ‘Big Marijuana’ and the industry’s ability to influence policy. Finally, after reviewing the important pros and cons of legalizing this drug, the authors offer several guidelines for states to optimize care when legalization is implemented.

scholarly journals Walls and Cows: Social Media, Vigilante Vantage, and Political Discourse

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 205630512092851
Author(s):  
Megan Ward
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
Mob Violence ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trump Administration

Vigilante groups in the United States and India have used social media to distribute their content and publicize violent spectacles for political purposes. This essay will tackle the spectacle of vigilante lynchings, abduction, and threats as images of vigilante violence are spread online in support of specific candidates, state violences, and election discourse. It is important to understand the impact of not only these vigilante groups, but understand the communicative spectacle of their content. Using Leo R. Chavez’s understanding of early 2000s vigilante action as spectacle in service of social movements, this essay extends the analysis to modern vigilante violence online content used as dramatic political rhetoric in support of sitting administrations. Two case studies on modern vigilante violence provide insight into this phenomenon are as follows: (1) Vigilante nativist militia groups across the United States in support of border militarization have kidnapped migrants in the Southwest desert, documenting these incidents to show support for the Trump Administration and building of a border wall and (2) vigilante mobs in India have circulated videos and media documenting lynchings of so-called “cow killers”; these attacks target Muslims in the light of growing Hindu Nationalist sentiment and political movement in the country. Localized disinformation and personal video allow vigilante content to spread across social media to recruit members for militias, as well as incite quick acts of mob violence. Furthermore, these case studies display how the social media livestreams and video allow representations of violence to become attention-arresting visual acts of political discourse.

scholarly journals Israel and United States Claim on Al-Quds: World History and International Law Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achmad Zulfikar ◽  
Romi Maulidi ◽  
Waskito Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Law ◽  
World History ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aims to explore the impact of Israel claims on the Al-Quds since the surrender of territory by the British. Al-Quds in Arabic means "The Holy One" which is another name of the city of Jerusalem. In its development Israel received strong support from the United States. This strong support was demonstrated by President Donald Trump in a statement on 6 December 2017 that Jerusalem (Al-Quds) is the capital of Israel. The statement gets the pros and cons of various parties. This phenomenon attracts authors to explore the claims of Israel and the United States from the perspective of world history and international law. This paper uses qualitative descriptive method and data collection through literature review. The study concludes that Israel and the United States based on consensus of UN member states can not make unilateral claims against Jerusalem (Al-Quds) because it is not in line with historical and international law.

Evidentiary Earthquakes: Design and Discontinuity through Seismic Methods

Leonardo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-159
Author(s):  
Jennifer Ferng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Documented Case ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Seismic Methods ◽  
Discontinuous Model ◽  
The Impact

The science of seismology has long wrestled with the problem of discontinuity when evaluating terrestrial phenomena such as earthquakes. Discontinuity arises between the cause of an earthquake and its resulting effects, making it difficult to ascertain what triggered such a seismic occurrence in the first place. This article revisits documented case studies of earthquakes in the United States and the impact of these tectonic upheavals using observations, quantitative measurements and narrative accounts to interrogate the so-called ordered relationship between events and their causes. Architecture as a discipline stands to gain substantial ground through the study of seismology as a discontinuous model of science and of history; diachronic frameworks for comprehending physical evidence are used to reflect on how architects may engage with geological singularities beyond analogy and formal imitation.

scholarly journals 2533. HIV Training Pathways in Residency: A National Survey of Curricula and Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S880-S881
Author(s):  
Jehan Budak ◽  
David Sears ◽  
Brian Wood ◽  
Shireesha Dhanireddy ◽  
Shireesha Dhanireddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
The West ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Workforce Shortage ◽  
Northeast United States ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Despite dramatic advances in the care of people with HIV (PWH), the shortage of HIV providers is worsening. An approach to this workforce shortage has been integration of robust HIV training into residency. We created a national survey to describe curricula and outcomes of formal HIV training pathways and how this may impact the HIV workforce shortage. Methods We designed a cross-sectional study of Internal Medicine (IM) and Family Medicine (FM) Residency HIV pathways in the United States. We identified programs via literature review, internet search, and snowball sampling. A draft survey was piloted with two pathway directors, and in January 2019, the final survey was sent via email to all pathway directors. This survey included 33-items, predominantly quantitative, and focused on program organization, curricular content, graduate outcomes, and challenges. We used descriptive statistics to summarize numeric responses. Results Twenty-five residency programs with dedicated HIV pathways were identified; 11 IM and 15 FM. The majority of the programs are in the West and Northeast United States. Twenty-four (96%) of programs have completed the survey. Since the first program was established in 2006, 228 residents have graduated from HIV pathways in the United States (151 IM, 77 FM). Programs have varying goals, application procedures, clinical requirements, didactic structures, graduation requirements, and assessments of competency. Of graduates, 108 (47%) have American Academy of HIV Medicine (AAHIVM) certification. Ninety-two (42%) of graduates are reported as currently providing primary care to ≥ 20 PWH (the majority in the West and Northeast United States). The most commonly cited reported barrier to graduates finding jobs caring for PWH are lack of job opportunities in their geographic area. Conclusion HIV pathways in IM and FM programs are heterogenous in their structure and curricula. Less than 50% of pathway graduates remain in the HIV provider workforce, and the majority of those work in the West and Northeast United States. The impact of these programs might be enhanced by interventions to increase graduate retention in this workforce and to launch pathways in the areas of greatest need, such as the Southern United States. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

GEOGRAPHICAL MODELING FOR ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY: TWO CASE STUDIES

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 1150008 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN WILSON
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Urban System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geographical Modeling ◽  
The Impact

This paper explores the role of mathematical models in archaeology and history. Variants of a particular model — an entropy-maximizing spatial interaction model which also functions as a location model — are presented through two case studies. The first is an example from Archaeology which throws light on settlement sizes in the 9th and 8th century BC Greece; the second is from History and explores the evolution of the United States' urban system from 1790–1870 with particular reference to the impact of railways. The approach is essentially interdisciplinary and uses concepts from Geography, Economics, Physics and Ecology.

scholarly journals Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gardening in the United States: Postpandemic Expectations

2022 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
David San Fratello ◽  
Benjamin L. Campbell ◽  
William G. Secor ◽  
Julie H. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Household Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Green Industry ◽  
Normal Green ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic altered the way many consumers and businesses transacted business. Concerning the green industry, many households began gardening and/or purchased more green industry products. As the pandemic ends and households begin to return to normal, green industry firms need to understand this new normal. Using an online national survey of households, we assessed which households were more likely to remain in the market after entering during the height of the pandemic (2020). Findings indicated that younger consumers (i.e., Millennials and younger individuals who were born in 1985 or after) were less likely to indicate they always garden (before the pandemic) but more likely to have started gardening during the pandemic and perceived that they would not continue to garden as states returned to normal (2021). This age group was also more likely to not have gardened in 2020, but they intended to garden in 2021. This finding shows a dichotomy in gardening preferences in this young age group. Further findings indicated that race, household income, number of children in the household, and the impact of the pandemic on the household also help explain the household’s decision to garden or not.

scholarly journals Tobacco-Smoke Incursions and Satisfaction Among Residents With Children in Multiunit Housing, United States, 2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 637-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Wilson ◽  
Michelle R. Torok ◽  
Robert C. McMillen ◽  
Jonathan D. Klein ◽  
Douglas E. Levy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Housing Satisfaction ◽  
Smoking Policies ◽  
Multiunit Housing ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Occupancy Rates ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: Residents of multiunit housing can be exposed to tobacco smoke even if they do not permit smoking in their homes. Although even low levels of tobacco smoke exposure can cause health problems for children and adults, some landlords are reluctant to ban smoking for fear of decreased occupancy rates or tenant satisfaction. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of tobacco smoke-free policies and tobacco-smoke incursions on housing satisfaction in multiunit housing residences with children. Methods: In 2013, 3696 randomly sampled US adult multiunit housing dwellers were invited to participate in a survey, and 3253 (88%) participated. Of these, 3128 responded to the question about having a child in the home, and 835 (27%) reported having a child in the home. We collected data on demographic characteristics, tobacco-smoke incursions, knowledge and attitudes about smoking policies, and housing satisfaction for this sample of 835 residents. Results: Of the 827 residents who responded to the question, 755 (91.3%) agreed that tenants have a right to live in a tobacco smoke-free building. Although 672 of 835 (80.5%) residents were not cigarette smokers, most lived where smoking was permitted in the units (n = 463, 56.9%) or on the property (n = 571, 70.5%). Of 580 non-cigarette smoking residents who lived where no one had smoked cigarettes in the home for the past 3 months, 144 (25.2%) reported a recent tobacco-smoke incursion. Of these 144 residents, 143 (99%) were bothered. Few (36/143, 25.2%) complained to the landlord. Reasons for not complaining were reluctance to upset neighbors or concern about retaliation. Tobacco-smoke incursions and housing/landlord satisfaction were inversely related ( P < .05). Conclusion: Multiunit housing residents living with children in the United States strongly support smoke-free multiunit housing.

Christian America? Understanding the Link between Churches, Attitudes, and “Being American” among Latino Immigrants

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Benjamin Taylor ◽  
Sarah Allen Gershon ◽  
Adrian D. Pantoja
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Latino Immigrants ◽  
American Identity ◽  
Evangelical Churches ◽  
New Americans ◽  
Church Affiliation ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn recent decades, Evangelical churches in the United States have expanded their outreach to Latino immigrants, seeking to incorporate these new Americans into their churches. We investigate the implications of this movement by examining the impact of church affiliation on Latino immigrants’ conceptions of what it means to be “fully American.” Relying on the 2006 Latino National Survey, we find that church affiliation significantly impacts immigrants’ beliefs about what it means to “be American” in the eyes of other Americans and the likelihood of identifying themselves as “American.” Specifically, Protestant Latinos (be they mainline or Evangelical) are more likely than Catholic Latinos (the majority of Latinos) to identify as American and to believe that Americans think being a Christian is a defining feature of American identity. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings.

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