scholarly journals Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gardening in the United States: Postpandemic Expectations

2022 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
David San Fratello ◽  
Benjamin L. Campbell ◽  
William G. Secor ◽  
Julie H. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Household Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Green Industry ◽  
Normal Green ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic altered the way many consumers and businesses transacted business. Concerning the green industry, many households began gardening and/or purchased more green industry products. As the pandemic ends and households begin to return to normal, green industry firms need to understand this new normal. Using an online national survey of households, we assessed which households were more likely to remain in the market after entering during the height of the pandemic (2020). Findings indicated that younger consumers (i.e., Millennials and younger individuals who were born in 1985 or after) were less likely to indicate they always garden (before the pandemic) but more likely to have started gardening during the pandemic and perceived that they would not continue to garden as states returned to normal (2021). This age group was also more likely to not have gardened in 2020, but they intended to garden in 2021. This finding shows a dichotomy in gardening preferences in this young age group. Further findings indicated that race, household income, number of children in the household, and the impact of the pandemic on the household also help explain the household’s decision to garden or not.

PUBLIC HEALTH

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-347
Author(s):  
George M. Wheatley ◽  
Stephen A. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
United States Public Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Number Of Children

IN ALL COUNTRIES for which there are vital statistics, accidents are a major cause of death and disability among children. In countries where the food supply is adequate and infectious diseases have been brought under control, accidents have become the leading cause of death in the age group 1 to 19 years. For example, in such countries as Australia, Canada, Sweden, West Germany, and the United States, more than one-third of all deaths in this age group are caused by accidents. The number of children who are injured by accidents fan exceeds the number who are killed. Although no accurate international figures are available, the Morbidity Survey conducted by the United States Public Health Service indicates that in the United States, for every child under 15 killed by accident, 1,100 children are injured severely enough to require medical attention or to be restricted in their activity for at least a day.

scholarly journals Contact surveys reveal heterogeneities in age-group contributions to SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Chin ◽  
Dennis M. Feehan ◽  
Caroline O. Buckee ◽  
Ayesha S. Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contact Rate ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Contact Rates ◽  
Contact Patterns ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

SARS-CoV-2 is spread primarily through person-to-person contacts. Quantifying population contact rates is important for understanding the impact of physical distancing policies and for modeling COVID-19, but contact patterns have changed substantially over time due to shifting policies and behaviors. There are surprisingly few empirical estimates of age-structured contact rates in the United States both before and throughout the COVID-19 pandemic that capture these changes. Here, we use data from six waves of the Berkeley Interpersonal Contact Survey (BICS), which collected detailed contact data between March 22, 2020 and February 15, 2021 across six metropolitan designated market areas (DMA) in the United States. Contact rates were low across all six DMAs at the start of the pandemic. We find steady increases in the mean and median number of contacts across these localities over time, as well as a greater proportion of respondents reporting a high number of contacts. We also find that young adults between ages 18 and 34 reported more contacts on average compared to other age groups. The 65 and older age group consistently reported low levels of contact throughout the study period. To understand the impact of these changing contact patterns, we simulate COVID-19 dynamics in each DMA using an age-structured mechanistic model. We compare results from models that use BICS contact rate estimates versus commonly used alternative contact rate sources. We find that simulations parameterized with BICS estimates give insight into time-varying changes in relative incidence by age group that are not captured in the absence of these frequently updated estimates. We also find that simulation results based on BICS estimates closely match observed data on the age distribution of cases, and changes in these distributions over time. Together these findings highlight the role of different age groups in driving and sustaining SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the U.S. We also show the utility of repeated contact surveys in revealing heterogeneities in the epidemiology of COVID-19 across localities in the United States.

Research Note: Smoking in Prisons—A National Survey of Correctional Administrators in the United States

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Vaughn ◽  
Rolando V. del Carmen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Impact

This article presents a national survey that assesses the policies of correctional institutions regarding staff and inmate exposure to secondary tobacco smoke. Correctional administrators from the 50 states were queried about smoking problems in prisons, focusing on disputes among inmates, among staff, and between staff and inmates. The respondents identified nonsmoking areas in their facilities and listed the various administrative responses used to alleviate the problem. The article compares the opinions of administrators on the impact of a policy that restricts or bans smoking with case studies of institutions that have already banned smoking, and concludes that more research is needed to determine the relative pros and cons of restricting or banning smoking in prisons.

scholarly journals The Consequences of Exposure to Violence during Early Childhood

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionissi Aliprantis ◽  
Anne Chen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Young Males ◽  
The Impact

We investigate the impact that exposure to violence in childhood has on an individual's propensity to engage in risky behaviors later in life and their probability of dying young. We document that black young males in the United States are exposed to much more violence in early childhood than their white counterparts. We also show that exposure to violence has a strong relationship with a host of undesirable later outcomes, and that relationship tends to be the same regardless of race, household income, mother's educational attainment, or family structure.

Determinants of Homeownership among Immigrants: Changes during the Great Recession and Beyond

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kusum Mundra ◽  
Ruth Uwaifo Oyelere
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Household Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Citizenship Status ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Recession Period

In this paper, we explore factors correlated with immigrant homeownership before and after the Great Recession. We focus solely on immigrants because of recent evidence that suggests homeownership rates declined less for immigrants than natives in the United States during the recession and onward. Specifically, we examine to what extent an immigrant's income, savings, length of stay in the destination country, citizenship status, and birthplace networks affected the probability of homeownership before the recession, and how these impacts on homeownership changed since the recession. We examine these questions using microdata for the years 2000–2012. Our results suggest that citizenship status, birthplace network, family size, savings, household income, and length of stay are significant for an immigrant's homeownership. In comparing the pre‐recession period to the period afterward, we find that the impact of birthplace networks on homeownership probabilities doubled while the impact of savings slightly declined.

scholarly journals 2533. HIV Training Pathways in Residency: A National Survey of Curricula and Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S880-S881
Author(s):  
Jehan Budak ◽  
David Sears ◽  
Brian Wood ◽  
Shireesha Dhanireddy ◽  
Shireesha Dhanireddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
The West ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Workforce Shortage ◽  
Northeast United States ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Despite dramatic advances in the care of people with HIV (PWH), the shortage of HIV providers is worsening. An approach to this workforce shortage has been integration of robust HIV training into residency. We created a national survey to describe curricula and outcomes of formal HIV training pathways and how this may impact the HIV workforce shortage. Methods We designed a cross-sectional study of Internal Medicine (IM) and Family Medicine (FM) Residency HIV pathways in the United States. We identified programs via literature review, internet search, and snowball sampling. A draft survey was piloted with two pathway directors, and in January 2019, the final survey was sent via email to all pathway directors. This survey included 33-items, predominantly quantitative, and focused on program organization, curricular content, graduate outcomes, and challenges. We used descriptive statistics to summarize numeric responses. Results Twenty-five residency programs with dedicated HIV pathways were identified; 11 IM and 15 FM. The majority of the programs are in the West and Northeast United States. Twenty-four (96%) of programs have completed the survey. Since the first program was established in 2006, 228 residents have graduated from HIV pathways in the United States (151 IM, 77 FM). Programs have varying goals, application procedures, clinical requirements, didactic structures, graduation requirements, and assessments of competency. Of graduates, 108 (47%) have American Academy of HIV Medicine (AAHIVM) certification. Ninety-two (42%) of graduates are reported as currently providing primary care to ≥ 20 PWH (the majority in the West and Northeast United States). The most commonly cited reported barrier to graduates finding jobs caring for PWH are lack of job opportunities in their geographic area. Conclusion HIV pathways in IM and FM programs are heterogenous in their structure and curricula. Less than 50% of pathway graduates remain in the HIV provider workforce, and the majority of those work in the West and Northeast United States. The impact of these programs might be enhanced by interventions to increase graduate retention in this workforce and to launch pathways in the areas of greatest need, such as the Southern United States. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Weapon Involvement in the Victimization of Children

2017 ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Kimberly J. Mitchell ◽  
Sherry L. Hamby ◽  
Heather A. Turner ◽  
Anne Shattuck ◽  
Lisa M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Safety Practices ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Children’S Exposure

OBJECTIVE To report the prevalence of weapons involved in the victimization of youth with particular emphasis on weapons with a “high lethality risk” and how such exposure fits into the broader victimization and life experiences of children and adolescents. METHODS Data were collected as part of the Second National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence, a nationally representative telephone survey of youth ages 2 to 17 years and caregivers (N = 4114) conducted in 2011. RESULTS Estimates from the Second National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence indicate that almost 14 million youth, ages 2–17, in the United States have been exposed to violence involving a weapon in their lifetimes as witnesses or victims, or >1 in 5 children in this age group. More than 2 million youth in the United States (1 in 33) have been directly assaulted in incidents where the high lethality risk weapons of guns and knives were used. Differences were noted between victimizations involving higher and lower lethality risk weapons as well as between any weapon involvement versus none. Poly-victims, youth with 7 or more victimization types, were particularly likely to experience victimization with any weapon, as well as victimization with a highly lethal weapon compared with nonpoly-victims. CONCLUSIONS Findings add to the field’s broadening conceptualization of youth victimization highlighting the potentially highly consequential risk factor of weapon exposure as a component of victimization experiences on the mental health of youth. Further work on improving gun safety practices and taking steps to reduce children’s exposure to weapon-involved violence is warranted to reduce this problem.

scholarly journals Influence of socio-economic, demographic and climate factors on the regional distribution of dengue in the United States and Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Watts ◽  
Panagiota Kotsila ◽  
P. Graham Mortyn ◽  
Victor Sarto i Monteys ◽  
Cesira Urzi Brancati
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background This study examines the impact of climate, socio-economic and demographic factors on the incidence of dengue in regions of the United States and Mexico. We select factors shown to predict dengue at a local level and test whether the association can be generalized to the regional or state level. In addition, we assess how different indicators perform compared to per capita gross domestic product (GDP), an indicator that is commonly used to predict the future distribution of dengue. Methods A unique spatial-temporal dataset was created by collating information from a variety of data sources to perform empirical analyses at the regional level. Relevant regions for the analysis were selected based on their receptivity and vulnerability to dengue. A conceptual framework was elaborated to guide variable selection. The relationship between the incidence of dengue and the climate, socio-economic and demographic factors was modelled via a Generalized Additive Model (GAM), which also accounted for the spatial and temporal auto-correlation. Results The socio-economic indicator (representing household income, education of the labour force, life expectancy at birth, and housing overcrowding), as well as more extensive access to broadband are associated with a drop in the incidence of dengue; by contrast, population growth and inter-regional migration are associated with higher incidence, after taking climate into account. An ageing population is also a predictor of higher incidence, but the relationship is concave and flattens at high rates. The rate of active physicians is associated with higher incidence, most likely because of more accurate reporting. If focusing on Mexico only, results remain broadly similar, however, workforce education was a better predictor of a drop in the incidence of dengue than household income. Conclusions Two lessons can be drawn from this study: first, while higher GDP is generally associated with a drop in the incidence of dengue, a more granular analysis reveals that the crucial factors are a rise in education (with fewer jobs in the primary sector) and better access to information or technological infrastructure. Secondly, factors that were shown to have an impact of dengue at the local level are also good predictors at the regional level. These indices may help us better understand factors responsible for the global distribution of dengue and also, given a warming climate, may help us to better predict vulnerable populations on a larger scale.

scholarly journals Coping with being cooped up: Social distancing during COVID-19 among 60+ in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Gerst Emerson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
The United States ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
The Impact

Objectives. This study examined the impact of sheltering in place and social distancing among adults aged 60 and older during the 2020 outbreak of COVID-19 in the United States. Methods. Using convenience sampling respondents were asked to complete a web-administered survey to explore impact of social distancing on loneliness, stress, and behavioral changes. The analytic sample consisted of 833 responses of persons aged 60 and older. Results. A large portion reported being stressed (36%), and/or being lonely (42.5%). Nearly 1/3 stated that their sense of loneliness increased during the time of social distancing. Respondents reported engaging in more solitary activity (and fewer in-person activities), using email and text messages more than usual, and spending more time on computers/tablet than usual. Approximately 2/3 reported using more social media than usual. These differed significantly by younger (age 60-70) and older (71+) respondents. Additionally, changes in physical activity, drinking, recreational drug use and sleeping pattern changes differed by age. Conclusions. Social distancing has significant consequences on loneliness and health behaviors among adults in the United States, many of which differ by age group. Results have implications for continued shelter in place practices, but also for any older adult that may be homebound for other reasons.

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