scholarly journals Physiological Measurements of Situation Awareness: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082096907
Author(s):  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Nade Liang ◽  
Brandon J. Pitts ◽  
Kwaku O. Prakah-Asante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Measurement Information ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Physiological Measurement ◽  
Assessment Technique ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Physiological Sensing ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

Objective The goal of this review is to investigate the relationship between indirect physiological measurements and direct measures of situation awareness (SA). Background Assessments of SA are often performed using techniques designed specifically to directly measure SA, such as SA global assessment technique (SAGAT), situation present assessment method (SPAM), and/or SA rating technique (SART). However, research suggests that physiological sensing methods may also be capable of inferring SA. Method Seven databases were searched. Eligibility criteria included human–subject experiments that used at least one direct SA assessment technique as well as at least one physiological measurement. Information extracted from each article were the physiological metric(s), direct SA measurement(s), correlation between these two metrics, and experimental task(s). Results Twenty-five articles were included in this review. Eye tracking techniques were the most commonly used physiological measures, and correlations between conscious aspects of eye movement measures and direct SA scores were observed. Evidence for cardiovascular predictors of SA was mixed. Only three electroencephalography (EEG) studies were identified, and their results suggest that EEG was sensitive to changes in SA. Overall, medium correlations were observed among the studies that reported a correlation coefficient between physiological and direct SA measures. Conclusion Reviewed studies observed relationships between a wide range of physiological measurements and direct assessments of SA. However, further investigations are needed to methodically collect more evidence. Application This review provides researchers and practitioners a summary of observed methods to indirectly assess SA with sensors and highlights research gaps to be addressed in future work.

scholarly journals Conserved properties of individual Ca2+-binding sites in calmodulin

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (9) ◽  
pp. E1216-E1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brent Halling ◽  
Benjamin J. Liebeskind ◽  
Amelia W. Hall ◽  
Richard W. Aldrich
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Target Proteins ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ef Hand ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Ef Hands ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

Calmodulin (CaM) is a Ca2+-sensing protein that is highly conserved and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. In humans it is a locus of life-threatening cardiomyopathies. The primary function of CaM is to transduce Ca2+ concentration into cellular signals by binding to a wide range of target proteins in a Ca2+-dependent manner. We do not fully understand how CaM performs its role as a high-fidelity signal transducer for more than 300 target proteins, but diversity among its four Ca2+-binding sites, called EF-hands, may contribute to CaM’s functional versatility. We therefore looked at the conservation of CaM sequences over deep evolutionary time, focusing primarily on the four EF-hand motifs. Expanding on previous work, we found that CaM evolves slowly but that its evolutionary rate is substantially faster in fungi. We also found that the four EF-hands have distinguishing biophysical and structural properties that span eukaryotes. These results suggest that all eukaryotes require CaM to decode Ca2+ signals using four specialized EF-hands, each with specific, conserved traits. In addition, we provide an extensive map of sites associated with target proteins and with human disease and correlate these with evolutionary sequence diversity. Our comprehensive evolutionary analysis provides a basis for understanding the sequence space associated with CaM function and should help guide future work on the relationship between structure, function, and disease.

Comparison of SAGAT and SPAM for Seeking Effective Way to Evaluate Situation Awareness and Workload During Air Traffic Control Task

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1836-1840
Author(s):  
Mitsuki Fujino ◽  
Jieun Lee ◽  
Toshiaki Hirano ◽  
Yuichi Saito ◽  
Makoto Itoh
Keyword(s):  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Management ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Assessment Technique ◽  
Nasa Tlx

Evaluation of air traffic controller’s situation awareness (SA) is becoming important for air traffic management with the growth of air traffic. This study compared two SA evaluation methods: Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and Situation Present Assessment Method (SPAM) to understand how these techniques affect controllers’ predictability in different traffic density settings. Twenty students undertook simple air traffic control simulations by using both techniques. We investigated how these techniques affect their workload with Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT) and NASA-TLX. SWAT scores showed that high traffic density increased participants’ workload, and extra workload was posed right after answering SA queries. NASA-TLX scores were larger when SAGAT was used than when SPAM was used throughout the simulation. We found that the workload with SAGAT interferes with main tasks more than that of SPAM. The results of query scores suggested that SPAM is more predictive to the assessment of the controller’s SA.

scholarly journals Neuroradiological markers of Vascular Cognitive Impairment after Stroke

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letícia Escorse Requião ◽  
Murilo Santos de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Event Location ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Larger Sample

Background: Cognitive vascular impairment (CCV) is a frequent, but overlooked, possible consequence of stroke. Neuroimaging is essential for the evaluation of these patients with cognitive deficits supposedly secondary to vascular lesions, with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of the skull being the most sensitive method for identifying markers associated with CCV. The most relevant markers seem to be, among others, strategic location, severity of white matter changes, as well as the degree of atrophy of the medial temporal lobe. Objective: To assess the relationship between stroke and CCV using markers from skull MRI. Methodology: This is a systematic review of observational studies published between 2005 and 2020. The search was carried out in the PubMed and SciELO databases with the keywords consulted by the following MeSH and DeCS sites: “stroke”, “MRI”, “Vascular cognitive impairment”, using the boolean operator “and”. The PRISMA check-list was used to guide this review. Results: According to the eligibility criteria, eight studies were selected. “Event location” was the marker in MRI of the skull most frequently considered, being the object of evaluation in seven of the eight studies analyzed and proving to be a statistically significant marker (p <0.05) for the prediction of CCV in six of them. 75% of the studies included in this review evaluated the relationship between the presence of “hyperintensity in the white matter” at MRI and CCV. However, this marker was shown to be statistically significant in 50% of these studies. Conclusion: A review that brought together the assessment of a wide range of possible neuroradiological predictors of CVD after stroke had not been carried out so far. It would be particularly useful to evaluate the markers in a more homogeneous way in a study with a larger sample size, which would allow quantitative analysis to measure the influence of each predictor.

scholarly journals Impact of Sports Education Model in Physical Education on Students’ Motivation: A Systematic Review

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Ricardo Tendinha ◽  
Madalena D. Alves ◽  
Tiago Freitas ◽  
Gonçalo Appleton ◽  
Leonor Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Sport Education ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Motivated Behavior ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Education Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Research has suggested that applying the Sport Education Model (SEM) in Physical Education (PE) increases students’ motivation. However, it is important to systematize this evidence to have a clearer idea. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the impact of the SEM on the students’ motivation. Methods: A systematic review with a narrative synthesis was performed. In March 2021, an articles search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria were: longitudinal or experimental study design; outcomes included PE settings; results reported the relationship between the SEM and students’ motivation. Results: Fourteen studies were included, totaling 2146 students. The majority of the studies indicated a significant association between the SEM and motivation, particularly in autonomy and more enjoyment toward PE. Conclusions: This review supports that the SEM has a positive impact on motivation. The SEM offers a wide range of opportunities for students to develop more self-determined motivated behavior in PE classes. Therefore, the SEM should be considered when developing or adapting existing PE programs to promote students’ intrinsic motivation to engage in physical activity.

The Problem of Identifying and Modeling the Relationship between Monetary Factor and Inflation in the Russian Economy

2008 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
A. Porshakov ◽  
A. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Money Demand ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Supply Side Factors

The role of monetary factor in generating inflationary processes in Russia has stimulated various debates in social and scientific circles for a relatively long time. The authors show that identification of the specificity of relationship between money and inflation requires a complex approach based on statistical modeling and involving a wide range of indicators relevant for the price changes in the economy. As a result a model of inflation for Russia implying the decomposition of inflation dynamics into demand-side and supply-side factors is suggested. The main conclusion drawn is that during the recent years the volume of inflationary pressures in the Russian economy has been determined by the deviation of money supply from money demand, rather than by money supply alone. At the same time, monetary factor has a long-run spread over time impact on inflation.

Identifying Physico-Chemical Laws from the Robotically Collected Data

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwei Cao ◽  
Danilo Russo ◽  
Vassilios S. Vassiliadis ◽  
Alexei Lapkin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Predictor Variable ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

<p>A mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulation for symbolic regression was proposed to identify physical models from noisy experimental data. The formulation was tested using numerical models and was found to be more efficient than the previous literature example with respect to the number of predictor variables and training data points. The globally optimal search was extended to identify physical models and to cope with noise in the experimental data predictor variable. The methodology was coupled with the collection of experimental data in an automated fashion, and was proven to be successful in identifying the correct physical models describing the relationship between the shear stress and shear rate for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, and simple kinetic laws of reactions. Future work will focus on addressing the limitations of the formulation presented in this work, by extending it to be able to address larger complex physical models.</p><p><br></p>

Adolescent Language: Models, Assessment, and Links to Reading

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Goodwin ◽  
Yaacov Petscher ◽  
Jamie Tock
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Bifactor Model ◽  
Language Models ◽  
Multiple Group ◽  
Global Factor ◽  
Eighth Grade Students ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Best Fit

Various models have highlighted the complexity of language. Building on foundational ideas regarding three key aspects of language, our study contributes to the literature by 1) exploring broader conceptions of morphology, vocabulary, and syntax, 2) operationalizing this theoretical model into a gamified, standardized, computer-adaptive assessment of language for fifth to eighth grade students entitled Monster, PI, and 3) uncovering further evidence regarding the relationship between language and standardized reading comprehension via this assessment. Multiple-group item response theory (IRT) across grades show that morphology was best fit by a bifactor model of task specific factors along with a global factor related to each skill. Vocabulary was best fit by a bifactor model that identifies performance overall and on specific words. Syntax, though, was best fit by a unidimensional model. Next, Monster, PI produced reliable scores suggesting language can be assessed efficiently and precisely for students via this model. Lastly, performance on Monster, PI explained more than 50% of variance in standardized reading, suggesting operationalizing language via Monster, PI can provide meaningful understandings of the relationship between language and reading comprehension. Specifically, considering just a subset of a construct, like identification of units of meaning, explained significantly less variance in reading comprehension. This highlights the importance of considering these broader constructs. Implications indicate that future work should consider a model of language where component areas are considered broadly and contributions to reading comprehension are explored via general performance on components as well as skill level performance.

Potential Role of Inflammation in Associations between Particulate Matter and Heart Failure

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaotong Ji ◽  
Yingying Zhang ◽  
Guangke Li ◽  
Nan Sang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Inflammatory Mechanism ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

Recently, numerous studies have found that particulate matter (PM) exposure is correlated with increased hospitalization and mortality from heart failure (HF). In addition to problems with circulation, HF patients often display high expression of cytokines in the failing heart. Thus, as a recurring heart problem, HF is thought to be a disorder characterized in part by the inflammatory response. In this review, we intend to discuss the relationship between PM exposure and HF that is based on inflammatory mechanism and to provide a comprehensive, updated evaluation of the related studies. Epidemiological studies on PM-induced heart diseases are focused on high concentrations of PM, high pollutant load exposure in winter, or susceptible groups with heart diseases, etc. Furthermore, it appears that the relationship between fine or ultrafine PM and HF is stronger than that between HF and coarse PM. However, fewer studies paid attention to PM components. As for experimental studies, it is worth noting that coarse PM may indirectly promote the inflammatory response in the heart through systematic circulation of cytokines produced primarily in the lungs, while ultrafine PM and its components can enter circulation and further induce inflammation directly in the heart. In terms of PM exposure and enhanced inflammation during the pathogenesis of HF, this article reviews the following mechanisms: hemodynamics, oxidative stress, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and epigenetic regulation. However, many problems are still unsolved, and future work will be needed to clarify the complex biologic mechanisms and to identify the specific components of PM responsible for adverse effects on heart health.

Positive Emotion in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

2019 ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
Ilana Seager ◽  
Douglas S. Mennin ◽  
Amelia Aldao
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Emotional Dysfunction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Future Work

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a debilitating condition characterized by excessive, pervasive, uncontrollable, and paralyzing worries about a wide range of future situations. Individuals with this condition frequently find themselves stuck in worry and tension cycles in futile attempts at reducing uncertainty and increasing control. GAD has been associated with substantial impairments in functioning and reduced quality of life. GAD remains poorly understood, and the long-term efficacy and end-state functioning resulting from treatment are weaker compared to other anxiety disorders. Some treatments (e.g., emotion regulation therapy, acceptance-based behavioral therapy) have improved efficacy, partly by targeting emotional dysfunction. Basic psychopathology research has focused on identifying the role of negative affect in GAD, so little is known about how positive affect is experienced and regulated in this disorder. This is particularly important in light of the overlap of this condition with major depressive disorder, which is characterized by low or suppressed positive emotion. Developing such an understanding is essential to further improve the efficacy of emotion-based treatments. This chapter reviews current and future directions in the study of positive affect in GAD. The chapter reviews the nascent research on positive affect and GAD, then illustrates dimensions of future work.

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