Sex: The Missing Variable in Human Factors Research

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Hudgens ◽  
Patricia A. Billingsley
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Work Force ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Factors And Ergonomics ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Human Factors Research

During the past 35 years, an ever-increasing number of women has been entering the work force and assuming numerous jobs that were traditionally reserved for men. To see if human factors research has been keeping up with the problems and questions this trend inevitably poses, the content of two leading human factors journals (Human Factors and Ergonomics) was analyzed for the time period 1965 through 1976. Nearly half the 859 studies examined included only male subjects; only a quarter included females, either exclusively (6%), or with males (19%); and nearly a third gave no indication of the subjects' sex. Even in studies that included both males and females, only a third did analyses to determine whether there were sex differences. The desirability of considering the sex variable in human factors studies and several of the problems associated with doing so are discussed, and recommendations are offered.

General Aviation Weather Hazards:Current Human Factors Research, Pilot Practices, and Tools

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-126
Author(s):  
Beth Blickensderfer ◽  
Lori J Brown ◽  
Alyssa Greenman ◽  
Jayde King ◽  
Brandon Pitts
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Panel Discussion ◽  
General Aviation ◽  
Transportation Safety ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Flight Operations ◽  
Human Factors Research

When General Aviation (GA) pilots encounter unexpected weather hazards in-flight, the results are typically deadly. It is unsurprising that the National Transportation Safety Board repeatedly lists weather related factors in GA flight operations as an unsolved aviation safety challenge. Solving this problem requires multidisciplinary perspectives. Fortunately, in the past several years innovative laboratory research and industry products have become available. This panel discussion brings together Human Factors and Ergonomics researchers and practitioners to discuss and describe the current work and future directions to avoid weather related accidents in GA.

scholarly journals Multifaceted origins of sex differences in the brain

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1688) ◽  
pp. 20150106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret M. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Biological Variable ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Brain

Studies of sex differences in the brain range from reductionistic cell and molecular analyses in animal models to functional imaging in awake human subjects, with many other levels in between. Interpretations and conclusions about the importance of particular differences often vary with differing levels of analyses and can lead to discord and dissent. In the past two decades, the range of neurobiological, psychological and psychiatric endpoints found to differ between males and females has expanded beyond reproduction into every aspect of the healthy and diseased brain, and thereby demands our attention. A greater understanding of all aspects of neural functioning will only be achieved by incorporating sex as a biological variable. The goal of this review is to highlight the current state of the art of the discipline of sex differences research with an emphasis on the brain and to contextualize the articles appearing in the accompanying special issue.

Trend Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Research Published in the HFES Proceedings

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1067-1071
Author(s):  
Salim A. Mouloua ◽  
James Ferraro ◽  
Mustapha Mouloua ◽  
P.A. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Supervisory Control ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Factors And Ergonomics ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

The present study was designed to examine the research trends in the literature focusing on Human Factors issues relevant to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems. As these UAV technologies continue to proliferate with increasing autonomy and supervisory control requirements, it is crucial to evaluate the current and emerging research trends across the generations. This paper reviews the research trends of 228 papers matching our search criteria. The search retained only relevant and complete papers published over the past thirty years (1988-2017) in the Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Results were tabulated, graphed, and discussed based on research categories, topic areas, authors’ affiliation, and sources of funding. Results showed a substantial increase in the number of articles in the last two decades, with most papers driven by academic institutions and military and government agencies.

Reactions to Men and Women Who Cry: A Study of Sex Differences in Perceived Societal Attitudes versus Personal Attitudes

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Cretser ◽  
William K. Lombardo ◽  
Barbara Lombardo ◽  
Sharon Mathis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Stimulus Situation ◽  
Sex Role Attitudes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Male Subjects

This study examined sex differences and similarities in sex-role attitudes using reactions to males' and females' crying as the stimulus situation. 285 male and 307 female students completed questionnaires. Subjects were asked to indicate their reactions to the sight of a woman crying and to the sight of a man crying. They were also asked to indicate how they thought “people” react to the sight of a man or a woman crying. Subjects perceived “people” as holding a double standard of crying, with much greater acceptance of females' than of males' crying. The proportion of subjects of both sexes who considered crying by males acceptable was significantly greater than the proportion who felt “people” would find it acceptable. Women seemed to hold a unisex standard of crying, while male subjects endorsed a double standard.

Effects of Sex of Pressuring Group, Perception of Ability, and Sex of Communicator Influencing Perceived Ability on Conformity of Males and Females

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane R. Follingstad
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Female Data ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Group Perception ◽  
Independent Behavior ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Female Subjects

This study assessed the differential effects of sex of pressuring confederates and perception of ability on conforming behavior of males and females. Varying male and female sources of the communication to influence subjects' views of their ability was expected to produce less conformity in females receiving the information from a male rather than a female. Data on undergraduates showed 64 females did not conform significantly more than 64 males, but male subjects conformed more in the presence of male confederates while females conformed significantly more when led to believe that males were more accurate on the task. Only the male source influencing females to believe they were superior on the task resulted in significantly less conformity in female subjects. Considering sex differences is essential due to the finding that the sexes responded to different variables present in most conformity experiments. The decrease in conformity produced in females when told by a male that females do better than males has implications for the use of male sources of communication to increase independent behavior of women.

Achieving Success in the HF/E Field: Expert Advice on How to Become a Future Expert

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (21) ◽  
pp. 1846-1850
Author(s):  
Janet I. Creaser ◽  
Arnold M. Lund ◽  
Jeff English ◽  
Ronald G. Shapiro ◽  
Anthony D. Andre
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
New Graduates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reality Check ◽  
Human Factors And Ergonomics

Welcome to the 12th Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Career Panel. This year, the panel will impart wisdom on achieving expertise in the HF/E field. First, Jeff English defines for us what it means to be an expert and the steps to take on the journey to expertise. Arnold Lund describes the ingredients individuals possess that help them on their way to expertise and success. Ronald Shapiro will help you conduct a reality check of how you personally define success and set goals to achieve that success. Anthony Andre provides tips for new graduates on getting a job in a market that is increasingly emphasizing experience. Finally, Janet Creaser has a few words about some of the advice she has put into practice in the past two years.

Ethics Education of Human Factors Engineers for Responsible AI Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 1034-1038
Author(s):  
Esa M. Rantanen ◽  
John D. Lee ◽  
Katherine Darveau ◽  
Dave B. Miller ◽  
James Intriligator ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Ethics Education ◽  
Panel Discussion ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Factors And Ergonomics ◽  
Educational Challenges ◽  
Societal Impacts

This panel discussion is third in a series examining the educational challenges facing future human factors and ergonomics professionals. The past two panels have focused on training of technical skills in data science, machine learning, and artificial intelligence to human factors students. This panel discussion expands on these topics and argues for a need of new and broader training curricula that include ethics for responsible development of AI-based systems that will touch lives of everybody and have widespread societal impacts.

Lessons Lost: What We Learned About Automation in Aviation Can Be Applied to Autonomous Vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Valerie Gawron
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Cognitive Engineering ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Engineering Work ◽  
Labor Statistics ◽  
Bureau Of Labor Statistics

As research related to automation in aviation evolved from human factors to cognitive engineering and from automation to autonomy, a whole generation of research has been forgotten. With one third of the engineering work force retired or retiring, in the next 10 years (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2018) the lessons of the past are being lost. To preserve some of the lessons learned, I wrote seven articles that are currently on The MITRE Corporation web site. This series summarizes both the research and the accident analyses conducted from 1970 through 2000 related to automation in commercial aviation.

Review of Human Factors Applications in Forest Harvesting

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-275
Author(s):  
Leo A. Smith ◽  
Donald L. Sirois
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Equipment Design ◽  
Work Physiology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Human Factors Research

A review of human factors applications in forest harvesting operations is presented. The discussion covers work physiology, environmental stress, equipment design, and safety. The importance of each topic to forest harvesting and representative human factors studies are described. Several suggestions for research that appears needed are also mentioned. It is concluded that human factors research has significantly contributed to the improvement of forest harvesting systems in the past and that future human factors applications should result in similar benefits.

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