War and Third-party Trade

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nizan Feldman ◽  
Tal Sadeh
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Dyadic Data ◽  
Business Partners ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
Almost All

Few studies explain how wars affect trade with third parties. We argue that wartime trade policies should raise trade with friendly and enemy-hostile third parties but reduce trade with hostile and enemy-friendly third parties. At the same time, the private motivation of firms and households may be incompatible with national wartime trade policies and constrain the effectiveness of wartime trade policies. Our directed dyadic data set consists of almost all of the states from 1885 to 2000. Running a high definition fixed effects regression with two-way clustering of standard errors, we find that hostile third parties tended to reduce trade with a combatant state by roughly 30 percent. In addition, trade with third parties friendly to the enemy fell by a similar magnitude. In contrast, on average, war hardly affected trade with third parties because of substitution of war-ridden markets with third-party business partners.

Funding for start-ups in India: what shakes it?

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saibal Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Equity Financing ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Salutary Effect ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
Start Ups

Purpose Using a novel monthly data set, this study aims to examine the factors affecting the funding of Indian start-ups. Design/methodology/approach Given the panel structure of the data, the fixed effects regression technique has been used. Findings The findings reveal that years of operation is a key factor. Amongst others, angel investors and equity financing are the key drivers of startup financing. Government policy does not appear to have gained adequate traction, although the improvement in the business reform action by state governments has begun to exert a salutary effect. Practical implications From a policy standpoint, the study provides insights into what policies and practices can be exploited to streamline the funding bottlenecks affecting startups in the Indian context. Originality/value Notwithstanding being a country with a significant presence in the startup space, there are admittedly limited studies, which examine this issue for India. Viewed from this standpoint to the best of the knowledge, the analysis is one of the early studies to shed light on the factors driving the funding of startups in the Indian context.

Farm-level evidence on risk balancing behavior in the EU-15

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann de Mey ◽  
Frankwin van Winsen ◽  
Erwin Wauters ◽  
Mark Vancauteren ◽  
Ludwig Lauwers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Correlation Relationship ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Relationship Analysis ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present empirical evidence of risk balancing behavior by European farmers. More specifically, the authors investigate strategic adjustments in the level of financial risk (FR) in response to changes in the level of business risk (BR). Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted a correlation relationship analysis and run several linear fixed effects regression models using the European Union (EU)-15 FADN panel data set for the period 1995-2008. Findings – Overall, the paper finds EU evidence of risk balancing. The correlation relationship analysis suggests that just over half of the farm observations are risk balancers whereas the other (smaller) half are not. The coefficient in our fixed effects regression suggests that a 1 percent increase in BR reduces FR by 0.043 percent and has a standard error so low that the existence of non-risk balancers is doubtful. The results reject evidence of strong-form risk balancing – inverse trade-offs between FR and BR keeping total risk (TR) constant – but cannot reject weak-form risk balancing – inverse trade-offs between FR and BR with some observed changes in TR. Furthermore, the extent of risk balancing behavior is found to differ between different European countries and across farm typologies. Practical implications – This study provides European policy makers a first insight into risk balancing behavior of EU farmers. When risk balancing occurs, BR-reducing agricultural policies induce strategic upwards leverage adjustments that unintentionally reestablish or even increase total farm-level risk. Originality/value – Making use of the large and unique FADN database, to the best of the authors knowledge, this study is the first that provides European (EU-15) evidence on risk balancing behavior, is conducted at an unprecedented large scale, and presents the first risk balancing evidence across countries and farming systems.

What’s going on next door? Irregular leader change in neighboring countries, uncertainty, and civil war

2020 ◽  
pp. 002234332091309
Author(s):  
Casper Sakstrup
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Spatial Analyses ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Foreign Policy Change ◽  
Leader Change

Uncertainty about capabilities or resolve is a prominent explanation for war between states. However, we know comparatively little about uncertainty as a cause of armed conflict between domestic actors. This article proposes that irregular leader change in a neighboring country generates uncertainty about third-party resolve and thus increases the likelihood of intrastate armed conflict. I argue that domestic actors take potential third parties’ capabilities and resolve into account when bargaining, that neighboring countries are important potential third parties, and that irregular leader change among these potential third parties results in uncertainty because there is an increased risk of foreign policy change combined with limited access to information. With uncertain estimates of third-party resolve, the risk of bargaining failure and armed conflict increases. Global spatial analyses spanning 1946–2014 corroborate the argument. As expected, I find that irregular leader change in one or more neighboring countries increases the probability of intrastate armed conflict onset. The results are robust across three different distance thresholds for neighboring countries, using time and country fixed effects and several alternative model specifications. Overall, this article advances our knowledge about uncertainty as a cause of civil war and sheds new light on the adverse consequences of irregular leader change.

Determinants of Islamic banks’ profitability: international evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad T. Alharbi
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Deposit Insurance ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Operating Income ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Time Deposit ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper was to investigate the determinants of Islamic banks’ profitability using longitudinal data from 1992 to 2008 of almost all Islamic banks in the world. Design/methodology/approach An unbalanced panel data fixed-effects regression model was used. Findings The results of the study indicate that capital ratio, other operating income, GDP per capita, bank size, concentration and oil prices affected Islamic banks positively. Insurance schemes, foreign ownership and real GDP growth affected Islamic banks negatively. Research limitations/implications This study did not include data beyond 2008 (the financial crisis), which can be considered a limitation to this study. However, evidence suggests that including data beyond 2008 would not have changed the outcome of the study[1]. Originality/value The paper adds to the literature on the determinants of Islamic banks’ profitability for the reasons mentioned above. In addition, this study used a purified sample of Islamic banks (see the Data section for details). Furthermore, to the author’s knowledge, this is the first time deposit insurance has been included in a study related to Islamic banks’ profitability.

Intraparty democracy in Central and Eastern Europe

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 652-662
Author(s):  
Benjamin von dem Berge ◽  
Peter Obert
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Democratic Society ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Vital Part ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

In the postcommunist period, political parties in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) had to convincingly demonstrate that they are a vital part of a functioning democratic society. Well-developed intraparty democracy (IPD) is one way of accomplishing this. By asking what factors are relevant to an explanation of IPD formation, we present an analytical framework in which the formation of IPD can be investigated and explore the patterns of IPD and their determinants. We draw on a newly constructed data set based on standardized content analysis, including 129 party statutes from 14 major political parties from Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia between 1989 and 2011. Relying on unit fixed-effects regression approaches, our analyses suggest that especially imperatives related to party origin and Europeanization have important implications for the formation of IPD within CEE parties.

Helpful Behavior and the Durability of Collaborative Ties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sampsa Samila ◽  
Alexander Oettl ◽  
Sharique Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Active Agent ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Unexpected Death ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Random Loss ◽  
Scientific Collaborations

Long-term collaborations are crucial in many creative domains. Although there is ample research on why people collaborate, our knowledge about what drives some collaborations to persist and others to decay is still emerging. In this paper, we extend theory on third-party effects and collaborative persistence to study this question. We specifically consider the role that a third party’s helpful behavior plays in shaping tie durability. We propose that when third parties facilitate helpfulness among their group, the collaboration is stronger, and it persists even in the third’s absence. In contrast, collaborations with third parties that are nonhelpful are unstable and dissolve in their absence. We use a unique data set comprising scientific collaborations among pairs of research immunologists who lost a third coauthor to unexpected death. Using this quasi-random loss as a source of exogenous variation, we separately identify the effect of third parties’ traditional role as an active agent of collaborative stability and the enduring effect of their helpful behavior—as measured by acknowledgments—on the persistence of the remaining authors’ collaboration. We find support for our hypotheses and find evidence that one mechanism driving our effect is that helpful thirds make their coauthors more helpful.

Three's a Crowd: Third Parties and WTO Dispute Settlement

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc L. Busch ◽  
Eric Reinhardt
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Selection Effect ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Wto Dispute Settlement ◽  
Early Settlement ◽  
The World ◽  
Party Support

Disputes filed at the World Trade Organization (WTO) are attracting a growing number of third parties. Most observers argue that their participation influences the institution's rulings. The authors argue that third parties undermine pretrial negotiations; their influence on rulings is conditioned by this selection effect. They test their hypotheses, along with the conventional wisdom, using a data set of WTO disputes initiated through 2002. Consistent with the authors' argument, they find that third-party participationlowersthe prospects for early settlement. Controlling for this selection effect, the evidence also suggests that third-party support increases the chances of a legal victory at the WTO.

Firm level profitability determinants in Indian drugs and pharmaceutical industry

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpi Tyagi ◽  
D.K. Nauriyal
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

Purpose This paper aims to analyze the firm level determinants of profitability of Indian drug and pharmaceutical industry which is known for historically weak R&D initiatives. Design/methodology/approach The change in the economic environment brought out by the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) compliance, this industry was found to have fast adjusted to a new working environment by substantially modifying its strategies. This study aims at using inflation-adjusted panel data for a period 2000-2013 and applies the fixed effects regression model with cluster standard errors. Findings The study has found that export intensity, A&M intensity, firm’s market power and stronger patent regime dummy have exercised positive influence on profitability. The negative and statistically significant influence of R&D intensity and raw material import intensity points to the need for firms to adopt suitable investment strategies. Research limitations/implications The study suggests that firms are required to pay far more attention to optimize their operating expenditures, advertisement and marketing expenditures and improve their export orientation, as part of the long-term strategy. Originality/value This study uses a recent data-set to analyze the firm level profitability determinants in the Indian pharmaceutical industry and captures the effect of change in profitability pre and post-TRIPS.

scholarly journals Balance rather than critical mass or tokenism

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 894-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Lafuente ◽  
Yancy Vaillant
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Financial Firms ◽  
Corporate Hierarchy ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyzes how board’s gender diversity, and more specifically a gender-balanced configuration – i.e. a proportion of women in the boardroom ranging between 40 and 60 percent – affects economic and risk-oriented performance in financial firms. Design/methodology/approach The empirical application uses a rich data set that includes detailed accounting and organizational information for all financial firms in the Costa Rican industry during the period 2000–2012. The proposed hypotheses are tested using panel data (fixed-effects) regression models that emphasize that bank performance is affected by various dimensions of the banks’ gender diversity. Findings The longitudinal analysis of the Costa Rican banking industry reveals that, unlike a proportion indicating a particular critical mass of women on the board, a balanced gender configuration yields superior economic performance (ROA and net intermediation margin). Additionally, the findings show that the performance benefits of gender diversity only exists in the presence of a gender-balanced board configuration, and that this positive effect is not conditioned by the presence of women leadership in the corporate hierarchy (Chair or CEO). Originality/value The paper further explores the influence of board gender diversity on organizational performance by adopting an approach to the gender diversity–performance relationship that goes beyond the mere representation of women within the corporate hierarchy.

scholarly journals Illicit tobacco trade is ‘booming’: UK newspaper coverage of data funded by transnational tobacco companies

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2018-054902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Evans-Reeves ◽  
Jenny Hatchard ◽  
Andy Rowell ◽  
Anna B Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
Industry Funding ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Illicit Trade ◽  
Illicit Tobacco Trade ◽  
Transnational Tobacco Companies

BackgroundTransnational tobacco companies (TTCs) have heavily publicised their argument that standardised tobacco packaging will increase the illicit tobacco trade. Leaked Philip Morris International (PMI) documents suggest that the company may have intended to use third parties to promulgate this argument in the UK.MethodsWe examined articles in UK newspapers (1 April 2013 to 31 March 2015) from LexisNexis for presence and nature of tobacco industry data. We also examined documents released by Freedom of Information requests made to Scottish Councils for evidence of how PMI operationalised its third-party strategy.FindingsTwo-thirds of newspaper articles (63%, 99/157) mentioned a PMI consultant; 36% of which did not disclose this industry funding. Most articles mentioned counterfeit tobacco, illicit whites or both (72%, 113/157), while few (4%, 7/157) specifically mentioned tobacco industry illicit tobacco and none explained that the latter can include tobacco-company involvement. Freedom of Information documents revealed that the PMI consultant sought to build relationships with Trading Standards officers, conducted undercover test purchases (UTPs) in illicit tobacco ‘hotspots’ and may have promoted unrepresentative findings in the media. While the data set featured PMI data predominantly, other TTCs also engaged in third-party techniques to promulgate messages on illicit tobacco.InterpretationPMI engaged a third party, seemingly with the aim of securing media coverage on illicit tobacco positing that standardised packaging would worsen the problem. The predominant focus of articles which featured industry-funded data and information was on counterfeit tobacco despite official data showing tobacco-industry illicit tobacco as the most prevalent. Other jurisdictions considering the policy should anticipate that third parties will promote the illicit-trade argument.

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