Fighting for Fees-Drug Trafficking and the Forfeiture of Attorney's Fees

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-436
Author(s):  
John Dombrink ◽  
James W. Meeker ◽  
Julie Paik
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Defense Attorneys ◽  
Defense Counsel ◽  
The Impact

In the past two years since the passage of 1984 amendments as part of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act, government prosecutors have included defense counsel fees as forfeitable assets stemming from drug trafficking and organized crime prosecutions. This development has been described by affected defense counsel as having an “arctic” effect upon their relationships with clients, as an abridgement of Sixth Amendment right to counsel, and as a deterrent to effective lawyering in this field. Prosecutors, on the contrary, have argued that a person can neither purchase a Rolls Royce nor a “Rolls Royce class of attorney” with proceeds of criminality. This paper delineates the issues in this debate, and their genesis, as articulated injudicial opinions; interviews with prosecutors and leading defense attorneys in Los Angeles, Miami, and New York City; published articles; and transcripts of hearings held by bar associations. In addition to the fees issue, similar controversial issues, such as grand jury subpoenas of attorneys and cash reporting requirements placed on attorneys, are addressed. Particular attention is paid to the increased adversariness in this stratum of the criminal justice system, and to the impact these developments have and will have on the quality of justice in major drug trafficking and organized crime cases.

scholarly journals Assessing inequality, irregularity, and severity regarding road traffic safety during COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Lin ◽  
Feng Shi ◽  
Weizi Li
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Road Traffic Safety ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCOVID-19 has affected every sector of our society, among which human mobility is taking a dramatic change due to quarantine and social distancing. We investigate the impact of the pandemic and subsequent mobility changes on road traffic safety. Using traffic accident data from the city of Los Angeles and New York City, we find that the impact is not merely a blunt reduction in traffic and accidents; rather, (1) the proportion of accidents unexpectedly increases for “Hispanic” and “Male” groups; (2) the “hot spots” of accidents have shifted in both time and space and are likely moved from higher-income areas (e.g., Hollywood and Lower Manhattan) to lower-income areas (e.g., southern LA and southern Brooklyn); (3) the severity level of accidents decreases with the number of accidents regardless of transportation modes. Understanding those variations of traffic accidents not only sheds a light on the heterogeneous impact of COVID-19 across demographic and geographic factors, but also helps policymakers and planners design more effective safety policies and interventions during critical conditions such as the pandemic.

scholarly journals Benefits of Community Gardening on Quality-of-Life Issues

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina M. Waliczek ◽  
Richard H. Mattson ◽  
Jayne M. Zajicek
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Community Gardens ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Community Gardening ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Life Issues

Abstract A nationwide survey of community gardeners found differences in rankings of the importance of community gardens related to quality-of-life perceptions based on Maslow' hierarchy of human needs model. Race, gender, and city sizes affected perceptions. When comparisons were made among the four racial/ethnic divisions, responses to 18 of the 24 questions were found to be statistically different. Community gardens were especially important to African-American and Hispanic gardeners. Male and female gardeners rated quality-of-life benefits from gardens similarly in importance. However, women placed higher value on the importance of saving money and the beauty within the garden. Gardeners in small, medium, and large metropolitan cities had similar quality-of-life perceptions with only 4 of the 24 statement responses showing significant differences. Significant differences were found in 10 of the 24 statement responses between gardeners of the two large cities of Los Angeles and New York. In most cases, mean ratings were higher for gardeners in New York than those in Los Angeles.

scholarly journals Hidden Gender Violence in the War on Organized Crime in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico (2010-2011)

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 368-375
Author(s):  
Rosalba Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Gender Violence ◽  
Ciudad Juarez ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Fundamental Factor ◽  
The People ◽  
The Impact

Militarization[1] in this country - Mexico - is a fundamental factor of political definition due to the loss of life[2] that it has represented, and the impact on public life stemming from the constant violation of the human rights of men, but especially for women, who have both seen their everyday life modified. This fight against organized crime, some have defined it as a war against the people, which pretends to be a war on drug trafficking. In Ciudad Juarez, we already know that the presence of the army and police on the streets does not increase safety, and instead, gender violence is exposed in deaths that occur constantly, so that militarization and impunity are the key to reading the new events as part of a hegemonic project, in which the bodies and humanity are no longer relevant.

scholarly journals The Impact of Alternative Distribution Formulas on the Allocation of Revenue Sharing Funds in New York State

1974 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-134
Author(s):  
Harry P. Mapp
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
New York State ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Dramatic Rise ◽  
Local Government Expenditures ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Impact

Over the past decade, a fundamental transformation has occurred in the attitudes of our citizens regarding the range, quantity and quality of services desired of all levels of government. One result has been a dramatic rise in public expenditures to provide the diverse set of services desired. For example, between 1960 and 1972, expenditures of federal, state and local governments increased from $151.3 billion to $410.3 billion, about 171 percent. Local government expenditures, which were pushed upward by expanding school enrollments and welfare caseloads, maintained their relative importance by growing from $29.0 billion to $75.4 billion, about 169 percent.

Estimating the Impact of Seasonal Truck Shortages on the Movement of Time-Sensitive, Perishable Products

2005 ◽  
Vol 1906 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Jessup ◽  
Ryan Herrington
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Domestic Markets ◽  
The Impact

This research focuses on the frequent and persistent problem of truck shortages for time-sensitive, perishable produce shipment out of the Pacific Northwest. Washington State is the number one apple-producing state in the United States, accounting for more than 2.7 million tons of apples per year valued in excess of $1 billion. However, without timely and accessible transportation to move the product from production to the consumer's table, the value to apple producers and the state's economy diminishes rapidly. This research aims to identify and quantify the change in total transportation cost that occurs as a result of seasonal truck shortages and associated rate increases and to provide an avenue for evaluating changes in specific destination markets, modal changes, and market competitiveness. A cost-minimizing optimization model is used to represent apple shipments from 29 producing supply points to 16 domestic markets and three international export markets over four seasons for two modes (truck and rail). Total transportation costs increase nearly $12 million as a result of truck shortages, from $245.6 million without shortages to $257.5 million under the current seasonal situation. Overall (across all seasons), the export markets of Nogales, Arizona; McAllen, Texas; and the Port of Seattle, Washington, are most affected by the truck shortages, followed by domestic markets near Seattle and San Francisco, California. The large markets of New York City, New York, and Los Angeles, California also experience relatively large increases in transportation cost per ton mile.

Hidden Gender Violence in the War on Organized Crime in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico (2010-2011)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 368-375
Author(s):  
Rosalba Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Gender Violence ◽  
Ciudad Juarez ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Fundamental Factor ◽  
The People ◽  
The Impact

Militarization[1] in this country Mexico is a fundamental factor of political definition due to the loss of life[2] that it has represented, and the impact on public life stemming from the constant violation of the human rights of men, but especially for women, who have both seen their everyday life modified. This fight against organized crime, some have defined it as a war against the people, which pretends to be a war on drug trafficking. In Ciudad Juarez, we already know that the presence of the army and police on the streets does not increase safety, and instead, gender violence is exposed in deaths that occur constantly, so that militarization and impunity are the key to reading the new events as part of a hegemonic project, in which the bodies and humanity are no longer relevant.  

scholarly journals Doubled Haploid Onion (Allium cepa L.) Lines and Their Impact on Hybrid Performance

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1690-1695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter T. Hyde ◽  
Elizabeth D. Earle ◽  
Martha A. Mutschler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Additional Benefit ◽  
Hybrid Combination ◽  
Allium Cepa L ◽  
Dh Lines ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Production of double haploid (DH) lines is a rapid method of obtaining completely homozygous inbred lines for numerous crops; however, practical trials testing the use of DH onion lines have been limited. DH onion lines were produced from diverse highly heterozygous material in development within the Cornell onion breeding program. These DH lines were evaluated in multiple replicated trials in onion fields in New York as lines and as parents of hybrids to assess the impact and commercial potential of DH onions. Twenty DH onion lines were compared with open-pollinated cultivars developed from the same source germplasm and with a commercial hybrid over two years. The vegetative vigor of the DH lines was comparable to that of related open-pollinated cultivars, showing minimal, if any, inbreeding depression. Two sets of hybrids were produced using the DH lines as males and two different females that are the female parents of the commercial hybrid controls. Therefore, hybrids in each set are half-sibs, and any performance differences are attributable to their DH male lines. In four replicated trials of these hybrids and controls, the experimental hybrids were either not significantly different or significantly better in measures of vegetative vigor compared with conventional half-sib hybrid controls. The vegetative vigor of DH lines, and their derived hybrids, might result from selection of plantlets without deleterious sublethal genes during gynogenesis. The shortened development time and equivalent quality of DH lines compared with the traditionally bred onion inbreds warrant their use. The increased vigor in hybrid combination could be an additional benefit for onion breeding strategies.

Organized Crime and the Quality of Government

2021 ◽  
pp. 799-826
Author(s):  
Leslie Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Political Actor ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact

Until the 1990s, organized crime (OC) was usually treated by both states and analysts as a form of criminality, but not a political phenomenon. The situation has changed since the end of the Cold War, however, and OC is now typically seen as both a security threat and a political actor that can impact upon the quality of government. Reasons for this change are explored in this chapter. Arguably, OC becomes the most dangerous when it colludes with corrupt state officials and even the state itself. Following sections on defining terms and how perceptions have changed since 1990, this chapter provides a novel taxonomy of the numerous ways in which OC and the state interact—and in some cases even mimic each other. The chapter concludes with consideration of the impact that collusion and mimicry have on the quality of government, and an agenda for future research.

Spatial spillover effects of crime on private investment at nearby micro-places

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802110297
Author(s):  
Arthur Acolin ◽  
Rebecca J. Walter ◽  
Marie Skubak Tilyer ◽  
Johanna Lacoe ◽  
Raphael Bostic
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
San Antonio ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Building Permit ◽  
Crime Trend ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Criminal activity may influence the decisions of existing property owners or prospective investors to invest in a property, given the potential elevated expenses and increased uncertainty that often accompany crime. This study investigates the relationship between crime and private investment at nearby micro-places using location-specific crime incident and building permit data from 2008 to 2018 in the cities of Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, San Antonio and Seattle. Data were aggregated to the blockface-level to examine how changes in investment on a blockface are influenced by changes in crime on that blockface and adjacent blockfaces in the subsequent year. Results indicate that an increase in total crime on a blockface was associated with a significant decrease in building permit activity the following year in all six cities, but the relationship is less strong when aggregating crime from adjacent blockfaces. When looking at spillover effects, higher crime on adjacent blockfaces was significantly associated with lower levels of investment beyond the effect of the crime trend on that blockface in Los Angeles and San Antonio. Though the relationship between adjacent blockface crime and investment was negative across the other four cities, it was not statistically significant. Taken together, these findings suggest that effective targeted crime prevention policies may have the added benefit of spurring local economic investment and that the impact of crime is very localised.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document