Collaborative Market Driving: How Peer Firms Can Develop Markets Through Collective Action

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 41-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre F. Maciel ◽  
Eileen Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Market Evolution ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Market Driving ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Peer Firms ◽  
Collective Strategy ◽  
Do So

Firms often aim to develop markets as part of their long-term strategies. Conventionally, research in marketing has explained this complex process by stressing firms’ efforts to outdo their peers. While this emphasis is valuable, it overlooks the role of another major force in market evolution: collective action among peer firms. To address this oversight, this article conceptualizes “collaborative market driving,” defining it as the collective strategy in which peer firms consistently cooperate among themselves and with other actors to develop markets in ways that increase their overall competitiveness. This conceptualization includes the triggers that lead peer firms to mobilize for collective action and coalesce with other market actors; it also identifies how this coalition converts collective resources into market-driving power. These theoretical contributions, based on a multimethod analysis of the rise of U.S. craft breweries, offer an alternative course of action for firms interested in driving new markets when they lack adequate resources to do so individually.

Social Cohesion, Breaks, and Transformations in Italy, 535–600

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Pohl
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Religious Context ◽  
Ancient Society ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Classical Culture

When the Gothic War began in Italy in 535, the country still conserved many features of classical culture and late antique administration. Much of that was lost in the political upheavals of the following decades. Building on Chris Wickham’s work, this contribution sketches an integrated perspective of these changes, attempting to relate the contingency of events to the logic of long-term change, discussing political options in relation to military and economic means, and asking in what ways the erosion of consensus may be understood in a cultural and religious context. What was the role of military entrepreneurs of more or less barbarian or Roman extraction in the distribution or destruction of resources? How did Christianity contribute to the transformation of ancient society? The old model of barbarian invasions can contribute little to understanding this complex process. It is remarkable that for two generations, all political strategies in Italy ultimately failed.

The role of retrieval practice in memory and analogical problem-solving

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 858-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Autumn B Hostetter ◽  
Elizabeth A Penix ◽  
Mackenzie Z Norman ◽  
W Robert Batsell ◽  
Thomas H Carr
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Analogous Problem ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Analogical Problem ◽  
Long Term Retention ◽  
Do So

Retrieval practice (e.g., testing) has been shown to facilitate long-term retention of information. In two experiments, we examine whether retrieval practice also facilitates use of the practised information when it is needed to solve analogous problems. When retrieval practice was not limited to the information most relevant to the problems (Experiment 1), it improved memory for the information a week later compared with copying or rereading the information, although we found no evidence that it improved participants’ ability to apply the information to the problems. In contrast, when retrieval practice was limited to only the information most relevant to the problems (Experiment 2), we found that retrieval practice enhanced memory for the critical information, the ability to identify the schematic similarities between the two sources of information, and the ability to apply that information to solve an analogous problem after a hint was given to do so. These results suggest that retrieval practice, through its effect on memory, can facilitate application of information to solve novel problems but has minimal effects on spontaneous realisation that the information is relevant.

scholarly journals Streamflow recession patterns can help unravel the role of climate and humans in landscape co-evolution

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1413-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick W. Bogaart ◽  
Ype van der Velde ◽  
Steve W. Lyon ◽  
Stefan C. Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Linear Behaviour ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Future Landscape ◽  
Do So

Abstract. Traditionally, long-term predictions of river discharges and their extremes include constant relationships between landscape properties and model parameters. However, due to the co-evolution of many landscape properties more sophisticated methods are necessary to quantify future landscape–hydrological model relationships. As a first step towards such an approach we use the Brutsaert and Nieber (1977) analysis method to characterize streamflow recession behaviour of  ≈  200 Swedish catchments within the context of global change and landscape co-evolution. Results suggest that the Brutsaert–Nieber parameters are strongly linked to the climate, soil, land use, and their interdependencies. Many catchments show a trend towards more non-linear behaviour, meaning not only faster initial recession but also slower recession towards base flow. This trend has been found to be independent from climate change. Instead, we suggest that land cover change, both natural (restoration of natural soil profiles in forested areas) and anthropogenic (reforestation and optimized water management), is probably responsible. Both change types are characterised by system adaptation and change, towards more optimal ecohydrological conditions, suggesting landscape co-evolution is at play. Given the observed magnitudes of recession changes during the past 50 years, predictions of future river discharge critically need to include the effects of landscape co-evolution. The interconnections between the controls of land cover and climate on river recession behaviour, as we have quantified in this paper, provide first-order handles to do so.

Collective Action

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Rolfe
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Interpersonal Influence ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Analytical Sociology ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The One

This article examines collective action, focusing on the role of social interactions, conflict, and the dynamics of interpersonal influence in shaping collective identities and interests. The discussion is based on the co-occurrence of individuals’ interest and group identity through a consistent course of action and begins with an overview of analytical models used to investigate extraordinary forms of collective action. The article then describes formal models and the problem of cooperation between self-interested actors, along with the notion of free-riding and the origin of shared interests and collective identities, paying attention to the importance of conflict, social networks, and interpersonal influence. It also explores the role of multiple levels of decision-making and actors’ consciousness in collective action before proposing a formal approach to collective action that is simultaneously less and more rational than the one currently employed in analytical sociology.

Epilogue1

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Moscoso
Keyword(s):  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
History Of Emotions ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Pain ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Do So

This epilogue discusses how the tension between the visualization of violence and the experience of pain affects our understanding of human suffering and the way in which we may consider its cultural modulations. Whereas the different contributions of the volume pay attention to the local and cultural variations of human suffering and visualisations and performances of hurt(ful) bodies, the epilogue provides a critical reflection on historical methods and the tension between experiences and narratives in particular. To do so, it deals with the work of pioneers in the history of emotions, like William Reddy, after which the work of Reinhart Koselleck is brought to the fore. It especially argues that it is important to consider long-term formal structures of the history of pain and the role of beholders and institutions in order to find out how a primal experience of pain may be turned into a story.

scholarly journals Speech Is Silver, Nonverbal Behavior Is Gold: How Implicit Partner Evaluations Affect Dyadic Interactions in Close Relationships

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1731-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruddy Faure ◽  
Francesca Righetti ◽  
Magdalena Seibel ◽  
Wilhelm Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Dyadic Interaction ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Multimethod Research ◽  
Relational Processes ◽  
Gut Feelings ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

Growing evidence suggests that the seeds of relationship decay can be detected via implicit partner evaluations even when explicit evaluations fail to do so. However, little is known about the concrete daily relational processes that explain why these gut feelings are such important determinants of relationships’ long-term outcomes. The present integrative multimethod research yielded a novel finding: that participants with more positive implicit partner evaluations exhibited more constructive nonverbal (but not verbal) behavior toward their partner in a videotaped dyadic interaction. In turn, this behavior was associated with greater satisfaction with the conversation and with the relationship in the following 8-day diary portion of the study. These findings represent a significant step forward in understanding the crucial role of automatic processes in romantic relationships. Together, they provide novel evidence that relationship success appears to be highly dependent on how people spontaneously behave in their relationship, which may be ultimately rooted in their implicit partner evaluations.

Globalization and Social Movements

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Almeida ◽  
Chris Chase-Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Economic Globalization ◽  
Economic Liberalization ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Transnational Social Movements

A growing body of scholarship acknowledges the increasing influence of global forces on social institutions and societies on multiple scales. We focus here on the role of globalization processes in shaping collective action and social movements. Three areas of global change and movements are examined: first, long-term global trends and collective action; second, research on national and local challenges to economic globalization, including backlash movements and the types of economic liberalization measures most associated with inducing oppositional movements; and third, the emergence of contemporary transnational social movements. In each of these arenas we address debates on diffusion, intervening mechanisms, and the outcomes of collective mobilization in response to global pressures.

scholarly journals Adapting as usual: integrative and segregative institutions shaping adaptation to climate change in local public administrations

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTEO ROGGERO ◽  
ANDREAS THIEL
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Transaction Costs Economics ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Way

AbstractLocal administrations play a key role in delivering adaptation to climate change. To do so, they need to address collective action. Based on transaction costs economics, this paper explores the role of so-called integrative and segregative institutions in the way local administrations adapt – whether their different functional branches respond to climate change collectively rather than independently. Through a comparative analysis of 19 climate-sensitive local administrations in Germany, the paper shows that variation in the way local administrations structure their internal coordination determines the way they approach climate adaptation. Under integrative institutions, local administrations adjust prior coordination structures to accommodate adaptation. Under segregative institutions, administrations move towards integrative institutions in order to adapt, provided they already ‘feel’ climate change.

scholarly journals On Quantifying and Understanding the Role of Ethics in AI Research: A Historical Account of Flagship Conferences and Journals

10.29007/74gj ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Prates ◽  
Pedro Avelar ◽  
Luis Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Work And Employment ◽  
And Robotics ◽  
Do So

Recent developments in AI, Machine Learning and Robotics have raised concerns about the ethical consequences of both academic and industrial AI research. Leading academics, businessmen and politicians have voiced an increasing number of questions about the con- sequences of AI not only over people, but also on the large-scale consequences on the the future of work and employment, its social consequences and the sustainability of the planet. In this work, we analyse the use and the occurrence of ethics-related research in leading AI, machine learning and robotics venues. In order to do so we perform long term, historical corpus-based analyses on a large number of flagship conferences and journals. Our experiments identify the prominence of ethics-related terms in published papers and presents several statistics on related topics. Finally, this research provides quantitative evidence on the pressing ethical concerns of the AI community.

scholarly journals Stream flow recession patterns can help unravel the role of climate and humans in landscape co-evolution

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 9865-9913 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Bogaart ◽  
Y. van der Velde ◽  
S. W. Lyon ◽  
S. C. Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
System Adaptation ◽  
Linear Behaviour ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Future Landscape ◽  
Do So

Abstract. Traditionally, long term predictions of river discharges and their extremes include constant relationships between landscape properties and model parameters. However, due to co-evolution of many of landscape properties more sophisticated methods to quantify future landscape-hydrological model relationships are likely necessary. As a first step towards such an approach we use the Brutsaert and Nieber (1977) analysis method to characterize streamflow recession behaviour of ≈ 200 Swedish catchments within the context of global change and landscape co-evolution. Results suggest that the Brutsaert–Nieber parameters are strongly linked to the climate, soil, land-use and their interdependencies. Many catchments show a trend towards more non-linear behaviour, meaning faster initial recession, but also slower recession towards baseflow. This trend has been found to be independent from climate change. Instead, we suggest that land cover change, both natural (restoration of natural soil profiles in forested areas) and anthropogenic (reforestation and optimized water management), is probably responsible. Both change types are characterised by system adaptation and change, towards more optimal ecohydrological conditions, suggesting landscape co-evolution is at play. Given the observed magnitudes of recession changes during the past 50 years, predictions of future river discharge critically need to include effects of landscape co-evolution. The interconnections between the controls of land cover and climate on river recession behaviour, as we have quantified in this paper, provide first-order handles to do so.

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