Triangle Taste Tests: Are the Subjects who Respond Correctly Lucky or Good?

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Natural Question ◽  
Weighted Voting ◽  
Taste Test ◽  
Preference Tests ◽  
Subsequent Preference

When a triangle taste test, i.e., “Which of these three stimuli is different from the other two?”, is given twice to each subject, a natural question to ask is: “Are the subjects who got both tests correct really better discriminators than the other subjects who got 0 or 1 correct?” Surprisingly enough, the answer to this question has nothing to do with the number of subjects who got both correct, i.e., the twos. Rather, it is the ratio of the ones to the zeroes that supplies the necessary information. This information on the subject's abilities to discriminate can be used to develop a weighted voting procedure for subsequent preference tests.

scholarly journals Coexistency on Hilbert Space Effect Algebras and a Characterisation of Its Symmetry Transformations

2020 ◽  
Vol 379 (3) ◽  
pp. 1077-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Pál Gehér ◽  
Peter Šemrl
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Effect Algebra ◽  
Mathematical Structure ◽  
Quantum Measurements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Algebras ◽  
Natural Question ◽  
Fuzzy Event ◽  
Space Effect ◽  
Symmetry Transformations

Abstract The Hilbert space effect algebra is a fundamental mathematical structure which is used to describe unsharp quantum measurements in Ludwig’s formulation of quantum mechanics. Each effect represents a quantum (fuzzy) event. The relation of coexistence plays an important role in this theory, as it expresses when two quantum events can be measured together by applying a suitable apparatus. This paper’s first goal is to answer a very natural question about this relation, namely, when two effects are coexistent with exactly the same effects? The other main aim is to describe all automorphisms of the effect algebra with respect to the relation of coexistence. In particular, we will see that they can differ quite a lot from usual standard automorphisms, which appear for instance in Ludwig’s theorem. As a byproduct of our methods we also strengthen a theorem of Molnár.

scholarly journals Is It Possible to Determine Whether a Star is Rotating About a Unique Axis?

1993 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 566-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.O. Gough ◽  
A.G. Kosovichev
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Natural Question ◽  
Rotating Stars ◽  
The Core ◽  
Axis Of Rotation ◽  
Fixed Axis

Rotating stars are normally presumed to rotate about a unique axis. Would it be possible to determine whether or not that presumption is correct? This is a natural question to raise, particularly after the suggestion by T. Bai & P. Sturrock that the core of the sun rotates about an axis that is inclined to the axis of rotation of the envelope.A variation with radius of the direction of the rotation axis would modify the form of rotational splitting of oscillation eigenfrequencies. But so too does a variation with depth and latitude in the magnitude of the angular velocity. One type of variation can mimic the other, and so frequency information alone cannot differentiate between them. What is different, however, is the structure of the eigenfunctions. Therefore, in principle, one might hope to untangle the two phenomena using information about both the frequencies and the amplitudes of the oscillations.We consider a simple model of a star which is divided into two regions, each of which is rotating about a different fixed axis. We enquire whether there are any circumstances under which it might be possible to determine seismologically the separate orientations of the axes.

scholarly journals SUBSTRUCTURES OF HOM

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
TSIU-KWEN LEE ◽  
YIQIANG ZHOU
Keyword(s):  
Jacobson Radical ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Question ◽  
Singular Ideal

Let M and N be two modules over a ring R. The concern is about the four substructures of hom R(M, N): the Jacobson radical J[M, N], the singular ideal Δ[M, N], the co-singular ideal ∇[M, N] and the total Tot [M, N]. One natural question is to characterize when the total is equal to one or more of the other structures. We review some known results and prove several new results towards this question and, as consequences, give answers to some related questions.

scholarly journals Effect of breed on food preference tests for dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2659
Author(s):  
Carolina Pedro Zanatta ◽  
Diego Surek ◽  
Larissa Wünsche Risolia ◽  
Ananda Portella Félix ◽  
Alex Maiorka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
Food Preference ◽  
Food Selectivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Kappa Index ◽  
Preference Tests

This study aimed to determine the differences among four dog breeds as to food selectivity, choice agreement, and the number scores that best evaluate the degree of food choice agreement. For that, 115 food preference tests were analyzed. In each of those tests, 20 dogs were used (eight Beagles, four Labradors, four Siberian Huskies, and four Basset Hounds), in two evaluation days. The medians of intake difference between two diets were calculated for days one, two, and for both days to determine if there were selectivity difference among breeds. A randomized block experimental design was applied, and medians were submitted to the test of Friedmann. Food choice agreement and the degree of agreement among breeds were evaluated by the kappa index, using two different scales. Basset Hounds were the most selective when two different foods were offered, whereas Labradors were the least selective. When performing food preference tests, Siberian Huskies and Basset Hounds are recommended; however, they must be used individually to prevent that the results of one breed could neutralize those of the other breed. The use of a scale of food preference with three scores is recommended in order to obtain results that are more reliable.

Exteroceptive Context in Tasteaversion Conditioning and Extinction: Odour, Cage, and Bottle Stimuli

1980 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Archer ◽  
Per-Olow Sjödén ◽  
Lars-Göran Nilsson ◽  
Ned Carter
Keyword(s):  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioning Trial ◽  
Taste Stimulus ◽  
Conditioning Context ◽  
Saccharin Intake ◽  
Taste Aversion Conditioning ◽  
Saccharin Aversion ◽  
Aversion Conditioning ◽  
Preference Tests ◽  
Subsequent Preference

Five experiments investigated the extent to which the exteroceptive context, present on a saccharin aversion conditioning trial with rats, controlled the resulting aversion on one-bottle extinction tests and subsequent preference tests. The presence or absence of the specific odour which had been present on the conditioning trial was found not to influence saccharin intake on extinction tests, whereas the presence of the particular compartment in which, and the bottle from which, the saccharin had been consumed greatly suppressed saccharin intake as compared to the absence of these elements. Preference tests, performed in the respective conditioning contexts, showed extinction to be specific to the compartment + bottle context: groups that had extinguished their saccharin aversion in a context different from the conditioning context, retained their aversion in the conditioning context. No such specificity was found for the odour context. However, in the absence of the taste stimulus during the extinction phase, the odour that had been present on the conditioning trial did control the amount of water consumed, whereas the compartment+bottle context did not. Moreover, on preference tests, groups that had consumed water during extinction in the presence of the odour context, evidenced a lesser saccharin aversion than groups not exposed to the odour. The results are interpreted as demonstrating that rats learn about taste, odour, cage and bottle stimuli on a taste-aversion conditioning trial, and that taste and bottle stimuli seem to be the most salient.

scholarly journals Random-Player Maker-Breaker games

10.37236/5032 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Krivelevich ◽  
Gal Kronenberg
Keyword(s):  
Perfect Matching ◽  
Winning Strategy ◽  
Hamilton Cycle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Question ◽  
Vertex Connectivity ◽  
Asymptotic Values ◽  
Player Game ◽  
Matching Game ◽  
As If

In a $(1:b)$ Maker-Breaker game, one of the central questions is to find the maximal value of $b$ that allows Maker to win the game (that is, the critical bias $b^*$). Erdős conjectured that the critical bias for many Maker-Breaker games played on the edge set of $K_n$ is the same as if both players claim edges randomly. Indeed, in many Maker-Breaker games, "Erdős Paradigm" turned out to be true. Therefore, the next natural question to ask is the (typical) value of the critical bias for Maker-Breaker games where only one player claims edges randomly. A random-player Maker-Breaker game is a two-player game, played the same as an ordinary (biased) Maker-Breaker game, except that one player plays according to his best strategy and claims one element in each round, while the other plays randomly and claims $b$ (or $m$) elements. In fact, for every (ordinary) Maker-Breaker game, there are two different random-player versions; the $(1:b)$ random-Breaker game and the $(m:1)$ random-Maker game. We analyze the random-player version of several classical Maker-Breaker games such as the Hamilton cycle game, the perfect-matching game and the $k$-vertex-connectivity game (played on the edge set of $K_n$). For each of these games we find or estimate the asymptotic values of the bias (either $b$ or $m$) that allow each player to typically win the game. In fact, we provide the "smart" player with an explicit winning strategy for the corresponding value of the bias.

scholarly journals Sex-contingent face after-effects suggest distinct neural populations code male and female faces

2005 ◽  
Vol 272 (1578) ◽  
pp. 2283-2287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C Little ◽  
Lisa M DeBruine ◽  
Benedict C Jones
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Facial Identity ◽  
Neural Populations ◽  
Adaptation Phase ◽  
Preference Tests

Exposure to faces biases perceptions of subsequently viewed faces. Faces similar to those seen previously are judged more normal and attractive than they were prior to exposure. Here we show sex-contingent after-effects following adaptation to eye-spacing (experiment 1), facial identity (experiment 2) and masculinity (experiment 3). Viewing faces of one sex with increased eye-spacing and faces of the other sex with decreased eye-spacing simultaneously induced opposite after-effects for male and female faces (assessed by normality judgments). Viewing faces transformed in identity or masculinity increased preferences for novel faces with characteristics similar to those viewed only when the sex of the faces presented in the adaptation phase and in post-adaptation preference tests were congruent. Because after-effects reflect changes in responses of neural populations that code faces, our findings indicate that distinct neural populations code male and female faces.

scholarly journals When does a semiring become a residuated lattice?

2016 ◽  
Vol 09 (04) ◽  
pp. 1650088
Author(s):  
Ivan Chajda ◽  
Helmut Länger
Keyword(s):  
Residuated Lattice ◽  
Residuated Lattices ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Question ◽  
Double Negation ◽  
Complete Distributivity ◽  
Completely Distributive ◽  
Double Negation Law ◽  
The Given ◽  
Converse Assertion

It is an easy observation that every residuated lattice is in fact a semiring because multiplication distributes over join and the other axioms of a semiring are satisfied trivially. This semiring is commutative, idempotent and simple. The natural question arises if the converse assertion is also true. We show that the conversion is possible provided the given semiring is, moreover, completely distributive. We characterize semirings associated to complete residuated lattices satisfying the double negation law where the assumption of complete distributivity can be omitted. A similar result is obtained for idempotent residuated lattices.

scholarly journals Deflating inflation: the connection (or lack thereof) between decisional and metacognitive processes and visual phenomenology

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Greyson Abid
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Question ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Metacognitive Processes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Processing Of Visual Information ◽  
Standing Question

Abstract Vision presents us with a richly detailed world. Yet, there is a range of limitations in the processing of visual information, such as poor peripheral resolution and failures to notice things we do not attend. This raises a natural question: How do we seem to see so much when there is considerable evidence indicating otherwise? In an elegant series of studies, Lau and colleagues have offered a novel answer to this long-standing question, proposing that our sense of visual richness is an artifact of decisional and metacognitive deficits. I critically evaluate this proposal and conclude that it rests on questionable presuppositions concerning the relationship between decisional and metacognitive processes, on one hand, and visual phenomenology, on the other.

scholarly journals Investigating the Palatability of Lamb and Beef Components Used in the Production of Pet Food for Cats

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 558
Author(s):  
Pavinee Watson ◽  
David Thomas ◽  
Adrian Hoggard ◽  
Michael Parker ◽  
Nicola Schreurs
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Food Manufacturing ◽  
Beef Liver ◽  
Raw Meat ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Preference Testing ◽  
Acceptance Tests ◽  
Preference Tests

The pet food industry continues to utilise large amounts of inedible meat components from the human food industry. Although used extensively in pet food formulations and as palatants, little is known about the palatability of individual meat components. The objectives of this study were to investigate the palatability of raw meat components commonly used in the production of pet food, using acceptance and preference testing. Those examined were lung, heart, kidney, tripe, liver and mechanically deboned meat (MDM) from lamb and beef. Two-bowl acceptance tests were used to develop an overall ranking of components within each species. Two-bowl preference tests between equivalent beef and lamb components were then used to determine whether a preference was exhibited for one species over the other. For the acceptance of components from lamb and beef, liver was the most palatable within both species, with kidney equivalent to liver when testing lamb components. The MDM was identified as the least palatable component from both species. When examining the preference between equivalent components between species, cats showed preferences for lamb over equivalent beef components, except for heart and liver which showed no difference in intake between the two species. Overall, cats were able to clearly rank the palatability of different components from lamb and beef, as well as between equivalent components from the two species. Selecting highly palatable ingredients whilst still meeting pet food manufacturing guidelines may play a role in improving overall diet palatability and acceptance by cats.

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