Effects of Silence, Sound, and Singing on Melodic Dictation Accuracy

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan O. Buonviri
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Music Majors ◽  
Singing Accuracy ◽  
Testing Strategies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Melodic Dictation ◽  
Technological Tools ◽  
Within Subjects

This study continues a line of inquiry testing strategies commonly used in melodic dictation. Undergraduate music majors ( N = 44) completed short tonal dictations in a within-subjects design to determine effects of silence, audible sounds, and singing on test scores. Participants scored significantly lower when required to sing the melody prior to notating it compared with either of the other conditions. In the singing condition, only 18% of participants sang all target melodies completely correctly, and a significant positive correlation was found between singing accuracy and dictation scores in that condition. In light of previous studies, these results suggest that singing may be a distraction during dictation and that if it is employed for memory reinforcement, it must be executed accurately. The lack of a significant difference in scores between the silent and audible sounds conditions, coupled with the finding that 82% of participants made audible sounds when allowed, suggests that silence should be maintained during dictation when necessary but that students should be allowed to make sounds when feasible. Technological tools could aid instructors in physically isolating students so they do not distract each other during dictation.

Effects of Two Listening Strategies for Melodic Dictation

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-359
Author(s):  
Nathan O. Buonviri
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Music Majors ◽  
Aural Skills ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Melodic Dictation ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Listening Strategies

The purpose of this research was to examine effects of two listening strategies on melodic dictation scores. Fifty-four undergraduate music majors completed short tonal melodic dictations in a within-subjects design with three conditions: (a) no specified strategy in the instructions, (b) required listening before writing, and (c) required writing while listening. The purpose of the first condition was to determine subjects’ preference for listening before writing or writing while listening prior to requiring each. Two repeated measures t tests revealed no significant difference in test scores between the second and third conditions and no significant difference in test scores between subjects’ demonstrated preferred strategy and nonpreferred strategy. Results corroborate prior research suggesting that both may be viable strategies for melodic dictation, each offering unique benefits to aural memory and musical comprehension. Implications for high school and college aural skills instructors include the need to offer students options for dictation strategies and help them choose when and how to use them. Students who have tried multiple strategies in practice and considered their relative benefits might be better prepared to make wise decisions during dictation.

The Relationship of Grade Placement to Programming Aptitude and Fortran Programming Achievement

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
John W. Alspaugh
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
The Other ◽  
Instruction Time ◽  
High School Juniors ◽  
School Subjects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Grade Placement ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This investigation to assess the influence of grade placement upon programming aptitude and FORTRAN programming achievement employed 2 groups of subjects equated on their high school Ohio Psychological Test scores. 1 group consisted of high school juniors and seniors, and the other group contained college juniors and seniors. A t-test revealed a significant difference in the IBM Programmer Aptitude Test scores for the 2 groups. By giving the high school subjects twice as much instruction time as the college students the anticipated difference in programming achievement was considerably reduced.

Effects of Two Approaches to Rhythmic Dictation

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-481
Author(s):  
Nathan O. Buonviri
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Aural Skills ◽  
Common Task ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Component Skills ◽  
Melodic Dictation ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Baseline Preference ◽  
Listening Strategies

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two listening strategies on rhythmic dictation scores. In a within-subjects design, 54 undergraduate music majors completed two-measure rhythmic dictations under each of three conditions: (a) no prescribed approach, (b) required listening before writing, and (c) required writing while listening. The first condition gauged participants’ baseline preference for the approach of the second or third condition. Repeated-measures t tests revealed a significant difference in test scores between the second and third conditions but no significant difference as a function of participants’ preferred strategy. Results suggest that some amount of simultaneous sketching may be helpful to students as they take dictation of rhythms, a common task in aural skills development both in and of itself and as a first phase of melodic dictation. Aural skills instructors should consider the potential benefits of sketching as an anchoring activity during dictation and discuss strategies explicitly with students. Helping high school and college students see how and why various strategies for dictation may be appropriate for particular task parameters can help them integrate component skills of listening, comprehension, and notation most effectively.

scholarly journals Urinary isoflavonoid excretion is similar after consuming soya milk and miso soup in Japanese-American women

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 424-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertraud Maskarinec ◽  
Kirsten Watts ◽  
Jamie Kagihara ◽  
Sandra M. Hebshi ◽  
Adrian A. Franke
Keyword(s):  
Urine Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Soya Milk ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Japanese Ancestry

Based on the hypothesis that isoflavones are absorbed more efficiently from fermented than from non-fermented soya foods, we compared the urinary isoflavonoid excretion (UIE) after intake of miso soup or soya milk. We recruited twenty-one women with Japanese ancestry who consumed standardized soya portions containing 48 mg isoflavones. On day 1, half the women consumed soya milk, the other half started with miso soup. On day 3, the subjects ate the other soya food and on day 5, they repeated the first food. Each participant collected a spot urine sample before and an overnight urine sample after soya food intake. All urine samples were analysed for daidzein, genistein and equol using LC–MS and were expressed as nmol/mg creatinine. We applied mixed models to evaluate the difference in UIE by food while including the baseline values and covariates. Relative to baseline, both groups experienced significantly higher UIE after consuming any of the soya foods. We observed no significant difference in UIE when soya milk was compared to miso soup (P = 0·87) among all women or in the seven equol producers (P = 0·88). Repeated intake of the same food on different days showed high reproducibility within subjects. These preliminary results indicate similar UIE after consuming a fermented soya food (miso) as compared to a non-fermented soya food (soya milk). Therefore, recommendations favouring fermented soya foods are not justified as long as the intestinal microflora is capable of hydrolysing the isoflavone glucosides from non-fermented soya foods.

Evidence for Validity of the Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory as Indicated by Differential Performance

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 591-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Morse ◽  
Joe Khatena
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Art Music ◽  
The Other ◽  
Music Majors ◽  
Art Students ◽  
Differential Performance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Art Course

The Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory was administered to 613 undergraduate students representing four groups: art majors, music majors, majors other than art taking an introductory art course, and majors in other disciplines. The groups' three subscores from the inventory (art, music, and Other) were compared for differences in variability and means. Significant differences were found on the art and music subscores for both forms of the instrument, with students majoring or taking courses in the area showing higher scores and less variability than students not majoring in that area. The only significant difference on the “other” subscore was that of art students who obtained higher mean scores on Form B. The instrument can differentiate among persons on the basis of talent in specified areas.

scholarly journals Die ontwikkeling en evaluering van ’n entrepreneurskaporiëntasie-vraelys

2004 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Venter ◽  
F. Crous ◽  
J. M. Schepers
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Item Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Measuring Instrument ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Contextual Theory ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The One

The development and evaluation of an entrepreneurship orientation questionnaire. The principal aim of the study was to construct a measuring instrument based on a contextual theory of entrepreneurship to measure entrepreneurship orientation. A secondary aim of the study was to determine whether a correlation exists between entrepreneurship orientation and psychological flow. An adapted Psychological Flow Questionnaire was used to measure the respondents’ experience of activities in their daily lives. The questionnaires were applied to 276 respondents consisting of a group of students taking courses in entrepreneurship on the one hand and a group of students taking no such courses, on the other hand. Both instruments were subjected to factor analysis and item analysis. From the study a statistically significant difference in terms of entrepreneurship orientation was found to exist between the entrepreneurship students and the non-entrepreneurship students. A statistically significant positive correlation was found to exist between entrepreneurship orientation and psychological flow. The implications of the findings are discussed. Opsomming Die hoofdoel van die studie was om ’n meetinstrument, gebaseer op ’n kontekstuele teorie van entrepreneurskap, te konstrueer vir die meting van entrepreneurskaporiëntasie. ’n Sekondêre doel van die studie was om vas te stel of daar ’n verband tussen entrepreneurskaporiëntasie en psigiesevloei bestaan. ’n Aangepaste Psigiesevloei-vraelys is gebruik om respondente se ervaring van aktiwiteite in hul daaglikse lewe te meet. Die vraelyste is op 276 respondente toegepas wat enersyds uit ’n groep studente wat entrepreneurskapstudies onderneem, bestaan en andersyds uit ’n groep studente wat nie entrepreneurskapstudies onderneem nie. Albei instrumente is aan faktor- en itemontleding onderwerp. Uit die studie blyk dit dat entrepreneursstudente en nie-entrepreneursstudente statisties beduidend van mekaar verskil ten opsigte van entrepreneurskaporiëntasie. ’n Statisties beduidende positiewe verband is verkry tussen entrepreneurskaporiëntasie en psigiesevloei. Die implikasies van die bevindinge word bespreek.

Effects of Prescribed Weight-Training and Basketball Programs on Selected Basketball Skill Test Scores

1980 ◽  
Vol 50 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1151-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Thomas Ford ◽  
John R. Puckett
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Weight Training ◽  
Training Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Skill Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Training Exercises

To determine the effects of prescribed weight-training exercises and a prescribed basketball program on scores of four AAHPER basketball skill tests each of 76 seventh grade students at a junior high school participated on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays for 16 class periods in one of three programs (weight-training, basketball, and regular physical education), (a) On the front shot, a significant difference was found between the basketball group and the weight-training group, in favor of the former, (b) No other significant differences were found among the three groups on the other skill tests, speed pass, jump and reach, and dribble.

Writing in Aphasia Rehabilitation: Cursive vs Manuscript

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Boone ◽  
Harold M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Read Number

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.

Multi-Center Study of Thromboplastin Calibration Precision – Influence of Reagent Species, Composition, and International Sensitivity Index (ISI)

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (01) ◽  
pp. 035-040 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryFour thromboplastin reagents were tested by 18 laboratories in Europe, North-America, and Australasia, according to a detailed protocol. One thromboplastin was the International Reference Preparation for ox brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (coded OBT/79), and the second was a certified reference material for rabbit brain thromboplastin, plain (coded CRM 149R). The other two thromboplastin reagents were another rabbit plain brain thromboplastin (RP) with a lower ISI than CRM 149R and a rabbit brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (RC). Calibration of the latter two reagents was performed according to methods recommended by the World Health Organization (W. H. O.).The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: 1) Is the calibration of the RC reagent more precise against the bovine/combined (OBT/79) than against the rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R)? 2) Is the precision of calibration influenced by the magnitude of the International Sensitivity Index (ISI)?The lowest inter-laboratory variation of ISI was observed in the calibration of the rabbit/plain reagent (RP) against the other rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R) (CV 1.6%). The highest interlaboratory variation was obtained in the calibration of rabbit/plain (RP) against bovine/combined (OBT/79) (CV 5.1%). In the calibration of the rabbit/combined (RC) reagent, there was no difference in precision between OBT/79 (CV 4.3%) and CRM 149R (CV 4.2%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the precision of the ISI of RC obtained with CRM 149R (ISI = 1.343) and the rabbit/plain (RP) reagent with ISI = 1.14. In conclusion, the calibration of RC could be performed with similar precision with either OBT/79 or CRM 149R, or RP.The mean ISI values calculated with OBT/79 and CRM 149R were practically identical, indicating that there is no bias in the ISI of these reference preparations and that these reference preparations have been stable since their original calibration studies in 1979 and 1987, respectively.International Normalized Ratio (INR) equivalents were calculated for a lyophilized control plasma derived from patients treated with oral anticoagulants. There were small but significant differences in the mean INR equivalents between the bovine and rabbit thromboplastins. There were no differences in the interlaboratory variation of the INR equivalents, when the four thromboplastins were compared.

IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY OF INSULIN IN HUMAN SERUM

1966 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Deckert ◽  
Kai R. Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Pancreas ◽  
Porcine Pancreas ◽  
Crystalline Insulin ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The One

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a difference could be demonstrated between crystalline insulin extracted from normal human pancreas, and crystalline insulin extracted from bovine and porcine pancreas. Using Hales & Randle's (1963) immunoassay no immunological differences could be demonstrated between human and pig insulin. On the other hand, a significant difference was found, between pig and ox insulin. An attempt was also made to determine whether an immunological difference could be demonstrated between crystalline pig insulin and crystalline human insulin from non diabetic subjects on the one hand and endogenous, circulating insulin from normal subjects, obese subjects and diabetic subjects on the other. No such difference was found. From these experiments it is concluded that endogenous insulin in normal, obese and diabetic human sera is immunologically identical with human, crystalline insulin from non diabetic subjects and crystalline pig insulin.

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