Understanding the Impact of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem on the Relationship between Active Travel and the Built Environment

Urban Studies ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Clark ◽  
Darren Scott
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Active Travel ◽  
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem ◽  
Areal Unit ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Modifiable Areal Unit Problem: the issue of determining the relationship between microparameters and a macroparameter

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-417
Author(s):  
Michał Barnard Pietrzak
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Homogeneous System ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Areal Unit ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Research background: One of the issues considered by economists such as Tinbergen (1939), Klein (1946), May, (1946), Theil (1965), Pawłowski (1969), Bołt et al. (1985) was to determine the mechanism of transition between the results of microeconomics and the theory of macroeconomics. As part of this research, Pawłowski (1969) raised the problem of establishing the relationship between microparameters and a macroparameter. In the presented article, Pawłowski's problem was expanded to include spatial economic research, where micro-dependencies and spatial macro-dependencies were analysed. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to establish the relationship between the microparameters set for SGM agricultural macroregions and the macroparameter referring to the whole area of Poland, where the parameters describe the economic dependencies regarding the impact of the size of farms in established region on their technical equipment. In the study, the economic relationships analysed in the case of individual SGM agricultural macroregions were defined as spatial micro-dependencies, and in the case of the entire area of Poland as spatial macro-dependencies. Methods: The methodological part of the article describes the concepts of Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, causal homogeneity of spatial data, homogeneous system of sets of areal units, area and sub-areas of conclusions. The concepts of micro-dependencies and spatial macro-dependencies are presented. Basic equations allowing to determine the evaluation of the spatial macroparameter as a linear combination of spatial microparameters were also presented. Findings & Value added: In the first stage of the study, spatial micro-dependencies were identified for subsequent SGM agricultural macroregions. In the second stage of the study, the relationship between spatial microparameters for single macroregions and the spatial macroparameter for Poland was determined. Establishing the relationship allowed to determine the macroparameter estimate for the whole area of Poland.

The built environment and trip chaining behaviour revisited: The joint effects of the modifiable areal unit problem and tour purpose

Urban Studies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liya Yang ◽  
Lingqian Hu ◽  
Zhenbo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem ◽  
Areal Unit ◽  
Trip Chaining ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Beijing China ◽  
The Ideal

Empirical research that examines the built environment and travel behaviour has frequently found inconsistent results, which can be attributed to the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) and to different treatments of travel purposes. This study considers these two important issues simultaneously in investigating the association between the built environment and travel behaviour in Beijing, China. Using tours as the analysis unit of travel, this study classifies three tour purposes: subsistence, maintenance and recreation, and identifies seven different spatial units to address the MAUP. Based on data from the 2010 Beijing Comprehensive Travel Survey, this study uses logistic regressions to estimate the primary tour mode and tour complexity. The results identify the ‘ideal’ unit at which the built environment has the greatest association with tours of specific purposes. Such results inform how urban planning and transportation policies can effectively influence travel.

scholarly journals Probing Phenomenological Experiences Through Electroencephalography Brainwave Signals In Neuroarchitecture Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vickram Thevar Vijayan ◽  
Mohamed Rashid Embi
Keyword(s):  
Human Physiology ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Phenomenological Studies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Area Of Study

Experiences are a part of our daily lives through our interactions with the environment around us. We live life through the realm of experiences, be it playing or working. As we encounter phenomena frequently, it is deduced that most of it comes from within the built environment, considering how most of our time is spent indoors. Hence, it is imperative that we understand the impact of the built environment on human physiology especially within the context of religious spaces which is largely attributed to phenomenological experiences. Despite the importance of understanding the impact of the built environment on human physiology, phenomenological studies that addresses this relationship are still lacking. This presents a gap which necessitates evidence to be provided in the form of phenomenological studies. Hence, this study attempts to address the gap by utilising evidential data with the utilisation of the portable electroencephalography (EEG) device. In doing so, the brainwave readings from four participants at the Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque were observed. Data from the EEG device in the form of brainwave signals was analysed through the performance metrics detection suite which focused on the possibility of analysing brainwave data through three phases of habitation. The findings detected relaxation performance metrics from the participants whilst being within the mosque prayer area, whereas the phases prior to entering and after leaving the mosque appears to have detected higher excitement and engagement levels. Thus, it could be deduced that the interior prayer area of the mosque appears to have had a positive influence on the participant's physiology. This study could contribute to the novel field of neuroarchitecture in Malaysia, an area of study at the threshold of neuroscience and architecture that could be significant in understanding the relationship between the built environment and human physiology.

scholarly journals Study on the Impact of the Objective Characteristics and Subjective Perception of the Built Environment on Residents’ Physical Activities in Fuzhou, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizhen Zhao ◽  
Zhenjiang Shen ◽  
Yanji Zhang ◽  
Fubin Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
General Physical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Many researchers have confirmed a correlation between the built environment and physical activity. However, most studies are based on the objective characteristics of the built environment, and seldom involve the residents’ subjective perception. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between the subjective and objective characteristics of the built environment and physical activity at the community scale. Data consists of that collected from a social survey, Points of Interest (POI), the road network, and land use in Fuzhou, China. The duration of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) within a week is used to represent the general physical activity of residents. Security perception is introduced as an intermediary variable. SPSS software is used for factor analysis and Amos software for statistical analysis. Structural equations are set up to analyse the relationship between these variables. The final results show that: (1) The objective characteristics of the built environment have no direct impact on the development of leisure MVPA, but it can indirectly affect leisure MVPA through residents’ subjective perception of the built environment; (2) The subjective perception of residents has a significant impact on the duration of MVPA, the subjective perception of humanized space has a direct impact on the duration of MVPA, and destination accessibility and urban environment maintenance has an indirect impact through community public security perception; and (3) The individuals’ attributes such as gender and self-evaluated socioeconomic status have negative effects on the duration of leisure MVPA, and an individual’s love of sports has a positive effect on MVPA.

scholarly journals Overcoming inefficiencies arising due to the impact of the modifiable areal unit problem on single-aggregation disease maps

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Tuson ◽  
Matthew Yap ◽  
Mei Ruu Kok ◽  
Bryan Boruff ◽  
Kevin Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Disease Mapping ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem ◽  
Areal Unit ◽  
Resource Allocation Efficiency ◽  
Fine Resolution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Single Set

Abstract Background In disease mapping, fine-resolution spatial health data are routinely aggregated for various reasons, for example to protect privacy. Usually, such aggregation occurs only once, resulting in ‘single-aggregation disease maps’ whose representation of the underlying data depends on the chosen set of aggregation units. This dependence is described by the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). Despite an extensive literature, in practice, the MAUP is rarely acknowledged, including in disease mapping. Further, despite single-aggregation disease maps being widely relied upon to guide distribution of healthcare resources, potential inefficiencies arising due to the impact of the MAUP on such maps have not previously been investigated. Results We introduce the overlay aggregation method (OAM) for disease mapping. This method avoids dependence on any single set of aggregate-level mapping units through incorporating information from many different sets. We characterise OAM as a novel smoothing technique and show how its use results in potentially dramatic improvements in resource allocation efficiency over single-aggregation maps. We demonstrate these findings in a simulation context and through applying OAM to a real-world dataset: ischaemic stroke hospital admissions in Perth, Western Australia, in 2016. Conclusions The ongoing, widespread lack of acknowledgement of the MAUP in disease mapping suggests that unawareness of its impact is extensive or that impact is underestimated. Routine implementation of OAM can help avoid resource allocation inefficiencies associated with this phenomenon. Our findings have immediate worldwide implications wherever single-aggregation disease maps are used to guide health policy planning and service delivery.

scholarly journals Reducing bias in multivariate analyses due to the modifiable areal unit problem.

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Tuson ◽  
Mei Ruu Kok ◽  
Matthew Yap ◽  
Alistair Vickery ◽  
Bryan Boruff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Service Utilization ◽  
Health Service Utilization ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem ◽  
Areal Unit ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionThe Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) arises from the aggregation of data organized by spatially defined boundaries. Aggregated values are influenced by the shape (zone effect) and scale of the aggregated units. Aggregations of the same data using different zones or scales can give different analytical results, none reliable. Objectives and ApproachUsing population-level administrative health data in Western Australia, the objectives were to: accurately measure the association between health service utilization and demographic, socio-economic, and service accessibility variables; and develop models to accurately forecast areas of high health service utilization into the future. Multiple zone designs and aggregation scales were used to examine the impact of MAUP in association studies. These zone designs and scales were then used in all-subset model selection processes, combined with repeated k-fold cross-validation, to generate forecast maps of areas having high future rates of health service utilization. ResultsThe impact of the MAUP and methods to reduce this bias in association studies will be presented, for both simple and complex model designs. Maps indicating gradients of predicted probabilities of high rate of health service demand in the future can be used to optimize the placement of services, through the use of catchment areas based on road-network travel distance and population distributions. Conclusion/ImplicationsThe impact of the MAUP on the analysis of spatially-aggregated data has been considered intractable. However, methods to reduce the impact of the MAUP can improve policy and planning decisions based on such studies.

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