Circular cities

Urban Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (13) ◽  
pp. 2746-2762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Williams
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Economic Base ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Industrial Systems ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Current State ◽  
Urban Problems ◽  
Resource Security

A circular approach to the way in which we manage the resources consumed and produced in cities – materials, energy, water and land – will significantly reduce the consumption of finite resources globally. It will also help to address urban problems including resource security, waste disposal, greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, heating, drought and flooding. Taking a circular approach can also tackle many other socio-economic problems afflicting cities, for example, providing access to affordable accommodation, expanding and diversifying the economic base, building more engaged and collaborative communities in cities. Thus it has great potential to improve our urban living environments. To date, the industrial ecologists and economists have tended to dominate the circularity debate, focusing on closed-loop industrial systems and circular economy (circular businesses and systems of provision). In this paper I investigate why the current state-of-the-art conceptualisation for circular economy (RESOLVE) is inadequate when applied to a city. Through this critique and a broader review of the literature I identify the principles and components which are lacking from the circular economy (CE) conceptualisation when applied to a city. I then use this to develop my own definition and conceptualisation of a circular approach to urban resource management.

Needle Heating during High-Speed Sewing

1969 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Hersh ◽  
P. L. Grady
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Sewing Thread ◽  
Current State ◽  
Fabric Structure ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
The Subject

A review of the literature and extensive field interviews have been conducted on the subject of needle heating in high-speed sewing. As a result of this investigation, a survey of the current state of the art and knowledge available in the field has been completed and is presented in the following categories: (1) the nature of the problem and the difficulties which arise in commercial operations; (2) quantitative methods of measuring needle temperatures; (3) the influence of machine factors such as sewing speed, length of sewing time, and needle design on the heat generated during sewing; (4) the influence of material factors such as fabric structure and finish, layers of fabric, and sewing thread on needle heating; (5) techniques for alleviating needle heating problems; and (6) the mechanism of generation and dissipation of heat in the sewing process. Some heretofore unpublished data are presented.

scholarly journals Current state of the art in the use of augmented reality in dentistry: a systematic review of the literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Farronato ◽  
Cinzia Maspero ◽  
Valentina Lanteri ◽  
Andrea Fama ◽  
Francesco Ferrati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Current State

scholarly journals Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

2022 ◽  
pp. 2102917
Author(s):  
Jonas Neumann ◽  
Martina Petranikova ◽  
Marcel Meeus ◽  
Jorge D. Gamarra ◽  
Reza Younesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Current State

scholarly journals Patient No-Show Prediction: A Systematic Literature Review

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danae Carreras-García ◽  
David Delgado-Gómez ◽  
Fernando Llorente-Fernández ◽  
Ana Arribas-Gil
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Current State ◽  
Patient Will

Nowadays, across the most important problems faced by health centers are those caused by the existence of patients who do not attend their appointments. Among others, these patients cause loss of revenue to the health centers and increase the patients’ waiting list. In order to tackle these problems, several scheduling systems have been developed. Many of them require predicting whether a patient will show up for an appointment. However, obtaining these estimates accurately is currently a challenging problem. In this work, a systematic review of the literature on predicting patient no-shows is conducted aiming at establishing the current state-of-the-art. Based on a systematic review following the PRISMA methodology, 50 articles were found and analyzed. Of these articles, 82% were published in the last 10 years and the most used technique was logistic regression. In addition, there is significant growth in the size of the databases used to build the classifiers. An important finding is that only two studies achieved an accuracy higher than the show rate. Moreover, a single study attained an area under the curve greater than the 0.9 value. These facts indicate the difficulty of this problem and the need for further research.

scholarly journals Pushing NMR sensitivity limits using dynamic nuclear polarization with closed-loop cryogenic helium sample spinning

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 6806-6812 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bouleau ◽  
P. Saint-Bonnet ◽  
F. Mentink-Vigier ◽  
H. Takahashi ◽  
J.-F. Jacquot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization ◽  
Solid State Nmr ◽  
Nuclear Polarization ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cryogenic Helium ◽  
Current State ◽  
Nmr Sensitivity

The cooler the better. We report a strategy to push the limits of solid-state NMR sensitivity far beyond its current state-of-the-art.

Negation, Prosody, and Gesture

2020 ◽  
pp. 676-693
Author(s):  
Pilar Prieto ◽  
M. Teresa Espinal
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Double Negation ◽  
Metalinguistic Negation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Child Speech ◽  
Semantic Scope

This chapter describes the current state of the art with regard to the contribution of prosody and gesture to the semantic and pragmatic expression and interpretation of negation. A review of the literature shows that three types of speech acts involving negation (e.g. denial, rejection, and metalinguistic negation) can be encoded through differentiated prosodic and gestural means across languages. Negative elements in denials tend to be prosodically highlighted through the use of high tones in tonal languages or pitch accentual prominence in intonational languages. By contrast, specific intonational contours are used differently across languages to express a speech act of rejection, whether in questions or in statements. Metalinguistic or corrective speech acts, which express a speaker’s attitude of disapproval, can also be identified by means of prosodic prominence. All three types of speech act tend to be accompanied by specific gestures. This chapter also shows the central role played by prosody and gesture in the interpretation of the semantic scope of negation, as well as in the interpretation of negative shifts affecting so-called double negation phenomena and bare polar particle responses. The chapter concludes by analyzing the interaction between prosodic and gestural modes of communication in adult and child speech, and suggests possible avenues for further research on the prosody–gesture negation interface.

scholarly journals Closed-Loop Recycling of Polymers Using Solvents : Remaking plastics for a circular economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Chemical Recycling ◽  
Sustainable Society ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Current State ◽  
Grade Material ◽  
Waste Management Practices

Recycling of plastic is an established technology contributing to a circular economy. A sustainable society requires recycling to produce high quality feedstocks from all types of reusable waste. New recycling technologies will help to improve waste management practices, for instance dissolving plastic waste in a solvent to purify and maintain its material properties. In solution it is also possible to depolymerise polymers into monomers that can be used to remake virgin-grade material. In this review the advantages and disadvantages of three solvent-based recycling processes will be considered: separation of cotton and polyester (polyethylene terephthalate (PET)) textiles, chemical recycling of polylactic acid (PLA) and dissolution-precipitation of polyvinylchloride (PVC). The current state of the art and future prospects are discussed, including a brief overview of how solvents are being used to process other types of plastic waste.

scholarly journals Barriers to Implementing the Circular Economy in the Construction Industry: A Critical Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 12989
Author(s):  
Rabia Charef ◽  
Jean-Claude Morel ◽  
Kambiz Rakhshan
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Closed Loop Systems ◽  
Dominant Designs

To facilitate the adoption of the circular economy (CE) in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) sector, some authors have demonstrated the potential of recent designs that take into account the sustainable management of an asset’s end-of-life (EOL), providing an alternative to the dominant designs that end with demolition. However, there is no review of the literature that encompasses a large range of sustainable designs in the current CE context. This paper provides a critical review of journal papers that deal with the barriers to implementing sustainable designs and approaches to the EOL management of assets that have the potential to fulfil the principles of the CE. Eighteen approaches related to prefabrication, design for change, design for deconstruction, reverse logistics, waste management and closed-loop systems were found. Through an analysis of the barriers that are common among these 18 approaches, we classified them into six different categories (organisational, economical, technical, social, political and environmental). Two Sankey diagrams illustrate the interrelation between the barriers, their categories and the 18 approaches. The diagrams clearly show that most of the barriers are common to multiple approaches and that most of the barriers relate to organisational concerns. The study gives a detailed map of the barriers that would help stakeholders from the AEC sector develop strategies to overcome the current obstacles in the shift to a CE.

scholarly journals The state of the art of agile kanban method: challenges and opportunities

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2535-2550
Author(s):  
Hamzah Alaidaros ◽  
Mazni Omar ◽  
Rohaida Romli
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Current State ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Cross

In the recent years, the Agile Kanban has emerged as an appropriate method used for managing projects in numerous fields and various settings. Despite getting an increased popularity in the software organizations, the Agile Kanban method still has different challenges that need to be addressed. Therefore, this study aims to concisely explore the current state of the art and latest researches on the Agile Kanban method through conducting an extensive review of the literature. The results of this study carry strong implications and confirm the important need for conducting researches on the Agile Kanban method. It also provides the key challenges and opportunities that can be investigated in future studies. The cross analysis of the results leads to a better understanding of the Agile Kanban method and aids the research teams to address the Kanban limitations and increase its adoption in the software organizations.

scholarly journals USING SENSORY TOOL HOLDER DATA FOR OPTIMIZING PRODUCTION PROCESSES

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-56
Author(s):  
Paul SCHÖRGHOFER ◽  
Florian PAUKER ◽  
Norbert LEDER ◽  
Jürgen MANGLER ◽  
Christoph RAMSAUER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Automated Manufacturing ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Tool Failure ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Part C ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ex Post

Today's highly automated manufacturing specifies the service time of a tool in a way that the tooling costs are balanced against the potential costs of a tool failure. However, the potential cost induced by a tool malfunctioning are rather high. Therefore, the current state-of-the art tackles this issue by replacing the tools prematurely at fixed intervals. To tap into the potential of under-utilized tool runtime this work purposes the use of sensory-tool holders and an interfering feedback loop to the machine tool control system. Besides its real-time closed loop control, to avoid tool failure, it also provides data in the context of (a) the work order, (b) the produced part, (c) the NC-block and command line, on (d) specific machines. Based on this data an ex-post analysis to optimize tool-life and productivity scenarios becomes possible, e.g. custom NC-programs for certain work-orders, configurations and machines. Furthermore, downstreamed work steps can be changed e.g. only to measure produced workpieces if abnormal vibrations are reported by in-process-monitoring.

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