“Expressive Cool” and the Paradox of Black and White Males’ Neighborhood Socialization Toward Education

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-327
Author(s):  
Odis Johnson
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Expressive Culture ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
Educational Attitudes ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Males ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Collective Socialization

This study explores how linkages between adolescents’ educational attitudes and achievement vary according to race, expressive culture, and neighborhood collective socialization qualities. Specifically, the study examines (a) racial differences in how males’ educational attitudes relate to their academic performance (i.e., “attitude–achievement paradox”); (b) how the attitude–achievement paradox varies according to Black and White males’ expressive culture; and (c) the relation of collective socialization to racial differences in expressive cool, educational attitudes, and behavior. Using Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study (MADICS) data, I find that an attitude–achievement paradox among African Americans disappears when neighborhood collective socialization is considered; that expressive cool seems to have a stronger connection to adolescents’ achievement ideology rejection, and very little to their grade point average (GPA); and that neighborhood collective socialization decisively accounts for racial gaps in GPA. The concluding discussion considers why African Americans’ adherence to achievement ideologies fails to shield their GPAs from neighborhood socialization risks to the extent it does so for White males.

Racial Differences in Time at Work Not Working

ILR Review ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 001979392110638
Author(s):  
William A. Darity ◽  
Darrick Hamilton ◽  
Samuel L. Myers ◽  
Gregory N. Price ◽  
Man Xu
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
White Male ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Males ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Survey Estimates ◽  
Wage Earnings ◽  
Response Errors

Racial differences in effort at work, if they exist, can potentially explain race-based wage/earnings disparities in the labor market. The authors estimate specifications of time spent on non-work activities at work by Black and White males and females with data from the American Time Use Survey. Estimates reveal that trivially small differences occur between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White males in time spent not working while on the job that disappear entirely when correcting for non-response errors. The findings imply that Black–White male differences in the fraction of the workday spent not working are either not large enough to partially explain the Black–White wage gap, or simply do not exist at all.

Spirituality among African Americans

2021 ◽  
pp. 154-176
Author(s):  
Jason E. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
National Survey ◽  
African American Community ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Spiritual But Not Religious ◽  
Blacks And Whites

This chapter assesses the importance of spirituality among African Americans. More specifically, it examines the extent to which respondents in a large, multiyear national survey view themselves as a “spiritual person.” Four sets of comparative analysis are offered: (1) racial differences among black and white members of various evangelical Protestant traditions, (2) racial differences among black and white members of various mainline Protestant and Catholic traditions, (3) denominational differences specifically among African Americans, and (4) racial differences among blacks and whites who view themselves as “spiritual but not religious.” The findings reveal significant interracial and intraracial differences in how spirituality shapes one’s personal identity. Because organized religion has historically been so central to African American community life, the implications for the growth in noninstitutional spirituality are considered.

Personal Sexual Attitudes and Behavior in Blacks and Whites

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia B. Sutker ◽  
Rickie S. Gilliard
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Black Males ◽  
Sexual Attitudes ◽  
Sexual Attitude ◽  
Black Females ◽  
White Males ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
White College

A Sexual Attitude Survey was administered to 79 black and 118 white college students. Reported sexual attitudes and behavior among black males were significantly more liberal than those of black females, white females, and white males.

The Vintage Schooling Hypothesis and Racial Differences in Earnings and On-The-Job Training: A Longitudinal Analysis

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Black Males ◽  
Job Training ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Males ◽  
Market Experience ◽  
Employer Discrimination ◽  
On The Job Training ◽  
Positive Effect

Why do younger black males earn more relative to whites than do older black males? The literature offers two competing explanations. Smith and Welch suggest this pattern is evidence that employers are rewarding the improved skills of more recently, better-educated blacks. Lazear, and Duncan and Hoffman suggest that the pattern is the result of employer discrimination that prevents blacks from entering occupations that offer on-the-job training (OJT) and wage growth with experience. The competing views are tested by using the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Young Men to compare black and white earnings and regression estimates in two periods. Regression results for 1968 and 1978 indicate that, as the NLS cohort aged, only white males had an age-earnings profile exhibiting the positive effect of OJT. Over the period, education coefficients decreased for both groups with the reduction greatest in black coefficients. This suggests that the earnings effect of education is not as stable for blacks as it is for whites over the life cycle. Black-white earnings ratios were approximately the same in both periods. The results reported here support the explanations offered by Lazear and by Duncan and Hoffman, implying that policies focusing on eliminating racial differences in educational quality may be insufficient in improving the relative position of blacks over the life cycle.

scholarly journals Bad Times and the Political Behavior of Older African-Americans

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 43-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Peterson ◽  
Albert Somit
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
The Political ◽  
Older African Americans ◽  
Unexpected Findings ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

This essay explores the effects o f two specific life experiences upon the political attitudes and behavior of older African-Americans as compared with younger African-Americans. The findings that emerge are generally opposite what theory would predict. Poorer health and experiencing traumatic events seem to increase, by direct and indirect routes, the likelihood of African-Americans becoming more active in politics. Possible explanations for the unexpected findings are discussed.

Racial Stereotype Application in 4- to 8-Year-Old White American Children: Emergence and Specificity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jellie Sierksma ◽  
Elizabeth Brey ◽  
Kristin Shutts
Keyword(s):  
Black Children ◽  
Cultural Stereotypes ◽  
White Children ◽  
Total N ◽  
White American ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Racial Stereotype ◽  
American Children ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

Young children’s racial stereotyping is poorly understood even though stereotyping can influence individuals’ attitudes and behavior toward others. Here we present two preregistered studies (Total N = 257) examining White American children’s (4–8 years) application of six stereotypes (about being American, smart, wealthy, athletic, trustworthy, and nice) when considering Asian, Black, and White children. We observed clear and consistent evidence for only one cultural stereotype across the two studies: participants indicated that Asian and Black children were less American than White children. In a measure of racial attitudes, participants also preferred White children over Black and Asian children. Taken together, this research suggests that, in contrast to findings from previous work, only stereotypes about being American emerge in early childhood. Moreover, this research indicates that children’s cultural stereotypes diverge from children’s attitudes early in development. These studies raise new questions about the emergence of racial stereotype application early in childhood.

Racial differences in the perception of lung cancer: Data from the 2005 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS)

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6556-6556
Author(s):  
C. S. Lathan ◽  
C. Okechukwu ◽  
B. F. Drake ◽  
G. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Weighting Method ◽  
Cancer Data ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
White Patients

6556 Background: Black men have the highest rates of lung cancer incidence and mortality in the US, and yet continue to obtain treatment at lower rates than White patients. Racial differences in the perception of lung cancer in the population could contribute to racial disparities in seeking timely treatment. Methods: Data are from the 2005 HINTS survey. Sample design was random digit dialing of listed telephone exchanges in US. Complete interviews were conducted on 5491 adults, of which 1872 respondents were assigned to receive questions pertaining to lung cancer. All analyses were conducted on this subset of respondents. SAS callable SUDAAN was used to calculate χ2 tests and perform logistic regression analyses to model racial differences in perceptions of lung cancer. All estimates were weighted to be nationally representative of US population; jack knife weighting method was used for parameter estimation. Results: Black and White patients shared many of the same beliefs about lung cancer mortality, and etiology. African Americans were more likely than Whites to agree that its hard to follow recommendations about preventing lung cancer (OR 2.05 1.19–3.53 95% CI), to avoid evaluation for lung cancer due to fear of having the disease (OR 3.32 1.84–5.98 95% CI), and to believe that patients with lung cancer would have pain or other symptoms before diagnosis (OR 2.20 1.27–3.79 95% CI). Conclusions: African Americans are more likely to hold beliefs about lung cancer that could interfere with prevention and treatment of lung cancer. No significant financial relationships to disclose. [Table: see text]

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