Racial Stereotype Application in 4- to 8-Year-Old White American Children: Emergence and Specificity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jellie Sierksma ◽  
Elizabeth Brey ◽  
Kristin Shutts
Keyword(s):  
Black Children ◽  
Cultural Stereotypes ◽  
White Children ◽  
Total N ◽  
White American ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Racial Stereotype ◽  
American Children ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

Young children’s racial stereotyping is poorly understood even though stereotyping can influence individuals’ attitudes and behavior toward others. Here we present two preregistered studies (Total N = 257) examining White American children’s (4–8 years) application of six stereotypes (about being American, smart, wealthy, athletic, trustworthy, and nice) when considering Asian, Black, and White children. We observed clear and consistent evidence for only one cultural stereotype across the two studies: participants indicated that Asian and Black children were less American than White children. In a measure of racial attitudes, participants also preferred White children over Black and Asian children. Taken together, this research suggests that, in contrast to findings from previous work, only stereotypes about being American emerge in early childhood. Moreover, this research indicates that children’s cultural stereotypes diverge from children’s attitudes early in development. These studies raise new questions about the emergence of racial stereotype application early in childhood.

scholarly journals Race, Family Conflict and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors among 9–10-Year-Old American Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5399
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Shanika Boyce ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan ◽  
Cleopatra H. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Family Conflict ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
American Children ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts And Behaviors

Family conflict is known to operate as a major risk factor for children’s suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). However, it is unknown whether this effect is similar or different in Black and White children. Objectives: We compared Black and White children for the association between family conflict and STBs in a national sample of 9–10-year-old American children. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. This study included 9918 White or Black children between the ages of 9 and 10 living in married households. The predictor variable was family conflict. Race was the moderator. The outcome variable was STBs, treated as a count variable, reflecting positive STB items that were endorsed. Covariates included ethnicity, sex, age, immigration status, family structure, parental education, and parental employment, and household income. Poisson regression was used for data analysis. Results: Of all participants, 7751 were Whites, and 2167 were Blacks. In the pooled sample and in the absence of interaction terms, high family conflict was associated with higher STBs. A statistically significant association was found between Black race and family conflict, suggesting that the association between family conflict and STBs is stronger in Black than White children. Conclusion: The association between family conflict and STBs is stronger in Black than White children. Black children with family conflict may be at a higher risk of STBs than White children with the same family conflict level. These findings align with the literature on the more significant salience of social relations as determinants of mental health of Black than White people. Reducing family conflict should be regarded a significant element of suicide prevention for Black children in the US.

Race Differences in Antisocial Behaviors and Attitudes and Early Initiation of Substance Use

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Wells ◽  
Diane M. Morrison ◽  
Mary R. Gillmore ◽  
Richard F. Catalano ◽  
Bonita Iritani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Antisocial Attitudes ◽  
American Children

This article examines racial differences in self-reported delinquency, school trouble, antisocial attitudes, and toughness and in teacher-rated aggressive and inattentive behaviors among fifth grade black, white, and Asian American subjects. Also examined are the relationships of these variables to substance initiation within each racial group. Controlling for socio-economic status, racial groups differed from one another in self-reported delinquency, school trouble and toughness, and in teacher-rated aggressiveness and inattention. Antisocial behavior and attitudes were stronger predictors of substance initiation for Asian American than for black and white children. For white children both self-reported and teacher-rated behavior were significantly related to substance initiation. For black children, only self-reported antisocial behavior, and for Asian American children only self-reported delinquent behavior and attitudes predicted substance initiation. Implications for prevention and research are discussed.

Effect of Race on the Outcome of Pediatric Patients With Hodgkin's Lymphoma

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1282-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika L. Metzger ◽  
Sharon M. Castellino ◽  
Melissa M. Hudson ◽  
Shesh N. Rai ◽  
Sue C. Kaste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hodgkin’S Lymphoma ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphoma ◽  
Event Free Survival ◽  
White Children ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Patients

Purpose Some cooperative groups have found a survival disadvantage in black children with various childhood cancers. We examine the effects of race on clinical outcomes among children with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) treated with contemporary therapy at a tertiary care children's hospital. Patients and Methods Retrospective analysis of 327 children and adolescents diagnosed with HL between 1990 and 2005. Patients were treated with risk-directed multimodal therapy regardless of race, ethnicity, or ability to pay. Event-free and overall survival rates were compared for black and white children. Clinical characteristics, socioeconomic factors, and biologic features were analyzed for prognosis of treatment failure. Results The 262 white and 65 black patients did not differ significantly in presenting features, clinical characteristics, or enrollment in a clinical trial. More black patients (71% v 45%) resided in poor counties (P < .001). While black and white children were equally likely to have progressive disease or early relapse, black children were 3.7 times (95% CI, 1.7 to 8.0) more likely to relapse 12 months or more after diagnosis. The 5-year event-free survival was 71% ± 6.1% (SE) for black and 84% ± 2.4% for white children (P = .01). However, the 5-year survival rate did not differ between white and black children (94.4% v 94.7%). While black race and low hemoglobin concentration were independent predictors of treatment failure, only low hemoglobin concentration independently predicted poor survival. Conclusion Black children with Hodgkin's lymphoma have lower event-free survival than white children, but both populations have the same 5-year overall survival.

Intellectual Differences in Black and White Southern Low Achievers

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1269-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theron M. Covin ◽  
Gary L. Hatch
Keyword(s):  
Black Males ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Low Achievers ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black Females ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Males ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Verbal Performance

WISC IQs obtained by 300 black children and 300 white children were compared. The subjects were 15 white males, 15 white females, 15 black males, and 15 black females at each age level from 6 to 15 yr. Mean IQs on the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale for blacks were 6968, 6992, and 6691 respectively and were significantly lower than the respective average of 7980, 7980, and 7950 for whites. Means, standard deviations, and ts for stratified samples by sex and race were also reported.

Auditory Discrimination in Conditions of Noise and Quiet by Black and White Disadvantaged Children

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
C. Milton Blue ◽  
Glenn A. Vergason
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Auditory Discrimination ◽  
Third Graders ◽  
Third Grade ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Disadvantaged Children ◽  
Socio Economic Status

The auditory discrimination of first and third grade children of low socio-economic status was investigated. 17 black and 17 white children were randomly selected from the two grades. The condition for listening was varied, i.e., discrimination in condition of quiet and discrimination in condition of noise, through the use of the Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock Test of Auditory Discrimination. White third graders were superior performers. The expectation, from the literature, that the auditory discrimination of children from low socio-economic levels would be depressed in conditions of noise was not supported. In fact, black children performed in an inferior manner in conditions of quiet.

North Carolina’s Public Schools: Growth and Local Taxation

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-291
Author(s):  
Jonathan B. Pritchett
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
State Government ◽  
White Students ◽  
School Boards ◽  
Black Children ◽  
The State ◽  
White Children ◽  
The Public ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Schools

The Rapid increase in public spending for white schools that occurred in North Carolina after the turn of the century led to a large racial disparity in the amount spent per child by 1910. Previous scholars have attributed this racial difference in school spending to the disfranchisement of the black voter (Margo, 1982). It was argued that once blacks were prevented from voting, the white members of the school boards were able to divert the public funds which were initially allocated for the education of black children. The most widely accepted version of this theory is credited to Horace Mann Bond (1934) who studied education expenditures for black children in Alabama. Bond argued that the governmental level at which schools were financed was important in determining the racial division of public school funds since the white members of the county school boards were particularly inclined to divert the funds allocated by the state government. The state funds which were allocated to the local school boards in Alabama were not required to be shared equally between black and white students. After blacks had been disfranchised, the county school boards responded by allocating a disproportionate share of these state funds for the education of white children.

scholarly journals Age-Related Decline in Children’s Reward Sensitivity: Blacks’ Diminished Returns

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. p112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
White Children ◽  
Age Related ◽  
American Children

Background: It is important to study the correlates of reward sensitivity since it predicts high-risk behaviors. While ageing reduces children’s reward sensitivity and its associated risk taking, there is more to find out about racial differences in regard to the effect of age on reward sensitivity. Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggest that resources and assets show weaker effects on Black children than White children. Aim: We compared White children to Black children as for the effects of age on reward sensitivity. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 10533 American children who participated in the baseline of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was age, while the dependent variable was reward sensitivity as captured by the behavioral approach/behavioral avoidance system (BAS-BIS). Gender, parental education, marital status, parental education, and household income were the covariates. Results: Higher age was associated with less reward sensitivity. A significant interaction was found between race and age when it comes to children’s reward sensitivity. It suggested that age is associated with a smaller gain in terms of reduced reward sensitivity in Black children than White children. Conclusion: Age is more likely to reduce reward sensitivity in White children than Black children. This finding is in line with MDRs, and may be due to social racism, segregation, stratification, and discrimination.

scholarly journals Racial Variation in the Association between Childhood Depression and Frontal Pole Volume among American Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. p121
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Frontal Pole ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
White American ◽  
American Children

Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is associated with an altered structure and function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). There is more to find out about how this association differs among diverse racial groups. Aim: This study was performed to investigate racial differences in the association between MDD and frontal pole volume in 9/10-year-old children in the U.S. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Then an analytical sample included 10185 American children between the ages of 9 and 10. The independent variable was current MDD, measured using K-SADS. The primary outcome was frontal pole volume, measured using the structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI). Race was the moderator. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis. Results: In the overall sample, MDD was associated with a smaller frontal pole volume among children. Race showed a statistically significant interaction with MDD on children’s frontal pole volume, indicating stronger effects on White children compared to Black children. Conclusion: The inverse association between MDD and frontal pole volume is steeper in Black than White American children. White American children with and without MDD show more similar frontal pole volume, while Black children with and without MDD differ more when it comes to the frontal pole volume. It is unknown whether or not the stronger association between frontal pole volume and MDD in Black children is due to a poor access to treatment or to a higher chronicity of MDD in Black communities.

GROWTH STANDARDS IN THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF LIFE BASED ON MEASUREMENTS OF WHITE AND BLACK CHILDREN IN A PREPAID HEALTH CARE PROGRAM

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 818-825
Author(s):  
John Wingerd ◽  
Edgar J. Schoen ◽  
Irene L. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Head Circumference ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Care Program ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
White Children ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Health Care Program

Measurements of height, weight, and head circumference in the first 2 years of life were obtained on more than 15,000 California children born between 1959 and 1967. The children were from a middle-class, multiracial (66% white, 23% black) population enrolled in a prepaid medical care program; black and white children lived under comparable economic circumstances. The growth curves for height, weight, and head circumference were similar in the two racial groups. The data for the white children agreed more closely with the recent British standards of Tanner than with the widely used older United States standards of Stuart and Meredith.

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