The Role of Temperament and Gender in Functional Hemispheric Asymmetry and the Perception of Emotion

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Stuart ◽  
Jacqueline Carolina Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Hemispheric Asymmetry ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Normal Populations ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Hemispheric Functioning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Temperament Dimension

Research investigating the relation between Functional Hemispheric Asymmetry (FHA) and the perception of affect in clinical as well as normal populations, is characterized by contradictory findings regarding the role of the different hemispheres, especially as regards the perception of various valencies of emotions. Although various methodological problems or error variances are often blamed for the contradictory findings and general lack of consensus, the literature is increasingly pointing to the existence of evidently reliable individual differences between people regarding their hemispheric functioning. The problem investigated in this study was to determine the possible role of some organismic variables in FHA. The objectives of this study were to determine whether there were significant differences in the direction of FHA-differences, as well as the relative performance, of groups divided according to gender and temperament characteristics, and whether the relevant organismic variables offered a possible means of explaining the contradictions in research results on FHA and the perception of emotion. The subject population ( N = 112) comprised four groups of right-handed students selected in terms of gender and temperament (introversion-extraversion). Differential hemispheric performance in terms of response accuracy and latency was determined by means of the Divided Visual Field Technique (DVFT). The results indicated that gender but not the temperament dimension of introversion-extraversion, plays a significant role in the degree and direction of FHA in the perception of emotion. It appears that the organismic variable gender could possibly offer a partial explanation for the contradictory results in the literature specifically with regard to FHA in the perception of emotion generally, and in respect of different valencies of emotion. However, the lack of significance in some of the results, especially with regard to men, impedes a firm empirical conclusion and explanation of the results.

Living with Barren Truths: A Tale of Triumphalism and Tribulations of a Technology

2021 ◽  
pp. 097168582110159
Author(s):  
Sital Mohanty ◽  
Subhasis Sahoo ◽  
Pranay Kumar Swain
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Fact ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Science, technology and human values have been the subject of enquiry in the last few years for social scientists and eventually the relationship between science and gender is the subject of an ongoing debate. This is due to the event of globalization which led to the exponential growth of new technologies like assisted reproductive technology (ART). ART, one of the most iconic technological innovations of the twentieth century, has become increasingly a normal social fact of life. Since ART invades multiple human discourses—thereby transforming culture, society and politics—it is important what is sociological about ART as well as what is biological. This article argues in commendation of sociology of technology, which is alert to its democratic potential but does not concurrently conceal the historical and continuing role of technology in legitimizing gender discrimination. The article draws the empirical insights from local articulations (i.e., Odisha state in eastern India) for the understandings of motherhood, freedom and choice, reproductive right and rights over the body to which ART has contributed. Sociologically, the article has been supplemented within the broader perspectives of determinism, compatibilism alongside feminism.

scholarly journals Changes in perceptions of the alcohol environment among participants in a Photovoice project conducted in two districts with different socio-economic status

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0254978
Author(s):  
Irene Molina-de la Fuente ◽  
Andrea Pastor ◽  
Paloma Conde ◽  
María Sandín Vázquez ◽  
Carmen Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Advertising ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender

Perceptions of the alcohol environment may influence alcohol consumption patterns. The purpose of this study was to describe changes in perceptions of the urban alcohol environment as experienced by residents of two districts with different socio-economic status after taking part in a Photovoice study. The study was conducted in Madrid, Spain, in a district with a high socio-economic status (HSES) and another district with a low socio-economic status (LSES). A Photovoice project was conducted with 26 participants divided into four groups based on sex and district. Groups met over five sessions in which they discussed photographs taken by the participants themselves on the subject of alcohol in their neighbourhood. A qualitative, descriptive and thematic analysis of participants’ discourses was performed to explore changes in their perceptions of the alcohol environment over the project sessions. Changes in perceptions of the alcohol environment were observed in all groups over the project. The process of change varied by districts’ socio-economic characteristics and gender. Greater changes in perceptions of the alcohol environment were observed in HSES, especially among women, as the participants had a much more positive initial view of their alcohol environment. In LSES, participants showed a more critical perception of the alcohol environment from the beginning of the study, and this broadened and intensified over the course of the sessions. Changes in perceptions also varied by thematic categories, including some categories that were discussed from the start (e.g. socialising and alcohol consumption) and categories that only emerged in later sessions (e.g. alcohol advertising). Involvement in a Photovoice project has favoured a shift in the participant’s perceptions of their alcohol environment towards more critical positions, widening their scope of perceived elements and raising their awareness of specific problems, such as alcohol advertising and social role of alcohol consumption in relation to alcohol exposure.

Historiography

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-95
Author(s):  
Brahma Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Cultural Policies ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Performance Tradition ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Folk Performance ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Theatre Historiography

The historiography of ‘folk performance’ discusses the existing studies on the subject from the colonial period to the present and points out the discrepancies leading to methodological problems. Scholars have discussed the politics of cultural practice in the context of the colonial and nationalist politics, neo-colonial state’s cultural policies, and in the context of bourgeois morality and sexual politics. These criticisms have exposed the inherent class and gender biases of the colonialists, the nationalist and the middle class that lead to the disavowal of such performances. Nevertheless, these criticisms have remained primarily confined to the level of theatre historiography and counter-discourses. The work is an attempt to go beyond theatre the historiography and counter-discourse modes. It aims to take account of the mode of articulation coming from the alternative sources. Broadly, it discusses the legacies of marginalization that have become part of this performance tradition.

Reflections on the Role of Personal Narrative in Social ScienceTelling Lies in Modern American Autobiography. Timothy Dow AdamsJessie Bernard: The Making of a Feminist. Robert C. BannisterRevealing Lives: Autobiography, Biography, and Gender. Susan Groag Bell , Marilyn YalomSadie Brower Neakok: An Inupiaq Woman. Margaret B. BlackmanBlack Women Writing Autobiography. Joanne M. BraxtonWinged Words: American Indian Writers Speak. Laura ColtelliCrested Kimono: Power and Love in the Japanese Business Family. Matthews Masayuki HamabataThanks to God and the Revolution: The Oral History of a Nicaraguan Family. Dianne Walta HartDorothy Healey Remembers: A Life in the American Communist Party. Dorothy Healey , Maurice IssermanAutobiographical Tightropes: Simone de Beauvoir, Nathalie Sarraute, Marguerite Duras, Monique Wittig and Maryse Conde. Leah D. HewittLife Stories of the Nicaraguan Revolution. Denis Lynn Daly HeyckTish Sommers, Activist, and the Founding of the Older Women's League. Patricia HuckleAll Sides of the Subject: Women and Biography. Teresa IlesAutobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture. Françoise LionnetBoomer: Railroad Memoirs. Linda NiemannChildhood, Culture and Class in Britain: Margaret McMillan, 1860-1931. Carolyn SteedmanKate Chopin. Emily Toth

Signs ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Stivers
Keyword(s):  
Marguerite Duras ◽  
Nathalie Sarraute ◽  
Simone De Beauvoir ◽  
Monique Wittig ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Nicaraguan Revolution ◽  
Business Family

Occupational Inheritance: The Role of Cultural Capital and Gender

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel Egerton
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
National Child Development Study ◽  
Occupational Inheritance ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender

It is known that occupational destination is influenced by family cultural resources. Most research on the effects of cultural capital, using nationally representative datasets, has concentrated on paternal occupation and education, finding that higher levels of paternal education are associated with greater educational and occupational attainment. As a result cultural capital has been put forward as a partial explanation for intergenerational class stability. It has been argued that occupational inheritance is more marked for the professional than for the managerial sector of the middle class, due to their greater cultural capital (Savage et al. 1992). This paper explores the effects of father's labour market sector (i.e. managerial or professional) and the educational attainment of both parents, using the National Child Development Study. Evidence was found: 1) that the children of professional fathers are more successful educationally than the children of managers, taking into account measured ability at age 11; and 2) that professional family origins facilitate entry into professional occupations, independently of educational attainments. The effect of gender was also explored. The relative lack of educational attainment on the part of children of managers had a more negative effect on the careers of daughters than of sons.

scholarly journals Political sociology and political management in the subject field of political science

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-226
Author(s):  
N. S. Fedorkin
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Political Sociology ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
Political Management ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The Subject

The article deals with the methodological problems of transformation processes in political science in the late XIX-th-early XX centuries and in the period between the two world wars. The author reveals the causes and origins of the crisis phenomena in political science due to the new political realities in the world and new trends in the political science development. The process of modern political science formation is analyzed in its gradual development (formal-legal, traditional, behavioral and post-behavioral). The special role of the Chicago revolution in political science, which created the environment and the ground for the emergence of the “behavioral” revolution, is revealed. The main program provisions of the “behavioral” revolution are indicated, its results, the main vectors of political science development in the post-behavioral era are revealed.The role of structural functionalism (G. Almond and his school) in the formation of modern political science is revealed. The article deals with the interaction of political science with related social disciplines, which led to the emergence of some hybrid disciplines of political knowledge, including political sociology and political management. The content of the hybridization concept is revealed. The role of sociology in this process as the “main donor” of political science in the considered era is revealed. Object-subject areas of political sociology and political management, their place and role in the mechanism of socio-political systems functioning in the subject field of political science are defined. Generalizing conclusions are made.

scholarly journals The entropy of morphological systems in natural languages is modulated by functional and semantic properties.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Franzon ◽  
Chiara Zanini
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
Semantic Attributes ◽  
Rule Out

In natural languages, morphological systems such as number and gender can encode semantic attributes of referents, like numerosity or animacy. Notwithstanding the salience of such attributes, morphological systems are not structured to unambiguously encode them, both within and across languages.A partial explanation for this relies on the functional facet of morphology, which sustains sentence processing. For instance, in a language marking feminine and masculine grammatical gender values, the occurrence of a feminine determiner allows to rule out non-feminine nouns from possible upcoming competitors. Even though experimental research has acknowledged the role of morphological cues in prediction, it is not clear whether the distribution of words in languages are structured to systematically exploit them.In a study on Italian, we measured the distributions of the nominal lexicon across the morphological features, and found that they are optimized to sustain discrimination and prediction processes. Though, in a subset of the lexicon denoting animate referents, the semantic interpretability of the features significantly alters the distribution, dropping the overall system’s entropy. We discussed these results in the light of current accounts on natural language efficiency.

scholarly journals Educação e gênero após Auschwitz: em busca de uma educação humanizadora do outro

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Jenerton Arlan Schütz ◽  
Ivan Schwengber
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Critical Theory ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Brazilian Society ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Do So

O presente ensaio, de cunho filosófico, tematiza o tratamento da questão da educação e as diferenças de gênero, o que, de fato, é um tema muito complexo em nossa sociedade. Para tanto, parte-se do horizonte do mundo da vida, de modo que o texto é uma tentativa de intencionalidade da consciência. O ethos pedagógico e histórico da sociedade brasileira é o alicerce deste ensaio, no qual categoriza-se o sujeito mulher e, a partir da teoria crítica de Adorno, apresenta um alerta para o papel da educação. Ademais, o texto é uma reflexão sobre as bases epistemológicas e discursivas do tratamento da questão de gênero e seus reflexos para uma educação humanizadora do Outro.Palavras-chave: Gênero. Educação. Humanização. Education and gender after Auschwitz: in search of humanizing education of the otherABSTRACTThis philosophical essay deals with the question of education and gender differences, which in fact is a very complex issue in our society. To do so, it departs from the horizon of the world of life, so that the text is an attempt at intentionality of consciousness. The pedagogical and historical ethos of Brazilian society is the foundation of this essay, in which the subject is categorized as a woman and, from Adorno’s critical theory, presents an alert to the role of education. In addition, the text is a reflection on the epistemological and discursive bases of the treatment of the question of gender and its reflexes for a humanizing education of the Other.Keywords: Gender. Education. Humanization. Educación y género post Auschwitz: en busca de una educación humanista del otroRESUMENEl presente ensayo, de carácter fi losófico, tematiza el tratamiento de la cuestión de la educación y las diferencias de género, lo que de hecho, es un tema muy complejo en nuestra sociedad. Para ello, se parte del horizonte del mundo de la vida, de modo que el texto es un intento de intencionalidad de la conciencia. El ethos pedagógico e histórico de la sociedad brasileña es el cimiento de este ensayo, en lo cual se categoriza el sujeto mujer, y a partir de la teoría crítica de Adorno presenta un alerta para el papel de la educación. Además, el texto es una reflexión sobre las bases epistemológicas y discursivas del tratamiento de la cuestión del género y sus reflejos para una educación humanista del Otro.Palabras clave: Género. Educación. Humanización

scholarly journals Is Right-wing Populism a Phenomenon of Religious Dissent? The Cases of the Lega and the Rassemblement National

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-59
Author(s):  
Luca Ozzano ◽  
Fabio Bolzonar
Keyword(s):  
Right Wing ◽  
Religious Dissent ◽  
Lgbt Rights ◽  
Context Analysis ◽  
Family Issues ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Party Family ◽  
Moral Conservatism

The current global political landscape is increasingly marked by the growth of right-wing populist parties. Although this party family has been the subject of a bourgeoning scholarship, the role played by religion in shaping its ideology is still an under-researched topic. Drawing on the qualitative context analysis of a large database of newspaper articles, electoral manifestos, and parties’ documents, this article studies the influence of religion on the political platforms of the Lega Nord (LN – recently rebranded just Lega) in Italy and the Front National (recently renamed Rassemblement National – RN) in France since the early 1980s. Our aim is twofold. Firstly, we would like to describe the role of religious values in the different political phases of the life of these parties. Secondly, we wish to assess whether and to which extent the appropriation of religion by these parties can be considered a phenomenon of religious dissent. Our analysis focuses on LGBT+ rights, a policy field that tends to bear the imprint of religion norms. Past studies have noted that right-wing populist parties support not only a nativist idea of citizenship, which prompts anti-immigrants and anti-Islamic stances, but also conservative interpretations of Christian values in terms of family issues and gender roles. In the last three decades, European right-wing populist parties have partly revised their positions on these issues. While some of them have strengthened or made only marginal changes to their religiously-inspired moral conservatism, others have shown new openings on gender equality and LGBT+ rights.

Top-Down Processing and Visual Reorientation Illusions in a Virtual Reality Environment

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred W. Mast ◽  
Charles M. Oman
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Virtual Reality Environment ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

The role of top-down processing on the horizontal-vertical line length illusion was examined by means of an ambiguous room with dual visual verticals. In one of the test conditions, the subjects were cued to one of the two verticals and were instructed to cognitively reassign the apparent vertical to the cued orientation. When they have mentally adjusted their perception, two lines in a plus sign configuration appeared and the subjects had to evaluate which line was longer. The results showed that the line length appeared longer when it was aligned with the direction of the vertical currently perceived by the subject. This study provides a demonstration that top-down processing influences lower level visual processing mechanisms. In another test condition, the subjects had all perceptual cues available and the influence was even stronger.

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