Administrative Values and Cutback Politics in American Local Government

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. West ◽  
Charles Davis
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Fiscal Stress ◽  
Public Employees ◽  
Institutional Response ◽  
Fiscal Constraints ◽  
Administrative Efficiency ◽  
Cutback Management ◽  
Limited Applicability ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Fiscal constraints facing local governments and citizen resistance to tax increases have given impetus to cutback management. Some analysts have focused attention on the causes or consequences of reduced expenditures for programs and personnel while others have focused on strategies designed to buffer the impact of fiscal stress on public employees and the delivery of governmental services. A recent study by Klingner and Nalbandian indicates that cutback management can be viewed as an institutional response to conflict among the four basic values underlying public sector human resource management—political responsiveness, social equity, individual rights, and administrative efficiency. The authors test this model using data from a national survey of urban personnel managers. They conclude that the administrative values framework has limited applicability to the analysis of local cutback management and suggest that theory testing is inhibited by structural aspects of urban fiscal problems.

Modeling Fiscal Stress and Contracting Out in Local Government: The Influence of Time, Financial Condition, and the Great Recession

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 565-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio M. López-Hernández ◽  
José L. Zafra-Gómez ◽  
Ana M. Plata-Díaz ◽  
Emilio J. de la Higuera-Molina
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Fiscal Stress ◽  
Contracting Out ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Various studies have analyzed the relationship between fiscal stress and contracting out, but have failed to achieve conclusive results. In this article, we take a broad view of fiscal stress, addressed in terms of financial condition and studied over a lengthy period (2000-2010). The relationship between fiscal stress and contracting out is studied using a dynamic model, based on survival analysis, a methodology that enables us to take into account the effect of time on this relationship. As this study period includes the years of the Great Recession (2008-2010), we also highlight the impact of this event on the fiscal stress–contracting out relation. The results obtained suggest that taking into account the passage of time and conducting a long-term assessment of financial condition enable a more precise understanding of this relation. We also find that the Great Recession reduced the probability of local governments’ contracting out public services.

scholarly journals Book Review: Local Government in a Global World: Australia and Canada in Comparative Perspective

1970 ◽  
pp. 235-239
Author(s):  
Claudia Scott
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Democratic Accountability ◽  
Fiscal Constraints ◽  
The Past ◽  
Community Expectations ◽  
Local Differentiation ◽  
Global World ◽  
The Impact

This book compares reform trends in Australia and Canada’s local government systems over the past two decades, with attention to the impact of globalization on local governments, their bureaucracies, and local democratic accountability. Local governments in Australia and Canada show striking resemblances in relation to history, development, and contemporary issues. This reflects that in both countries, local governments remain an instrument of the states and provinces.The exploration of the connections between globalization and local government is timely given the importance of international influences on the economic, social and environmental challenges facing governments. For the local governments discussed in the book, and for many others, economic and fiscal constraints have reduced the sector's ability to meet community expectations while also responding to growing competitiveness across jurisdictions. These pressures have highlighted the benefits of encouraging regional and local differentiation, and giving prominence to ‘place’ in policy and management designs and practices.

scholarly journals Estimating Destination of Bus Trips Considering Trip Type Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soongbong Lee ◽  
Jongwoo Lee ◽  
Bumjoon Bae ◽  
Daisik Nam ◽  
Seunghoon Cheon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Travel Patterns ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Stage Estimation ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, local governments have been using transportation card data to monitor the use of public transport and improve the service. However, local governments that are applying a single-fare scheme are experiencing difficulties in using data for accurate identification of real travel patterns, policy decision support, etc. because the information on alighting stops of users is missing. This policy limits its functionality of utilizing data such as accurate identification of real travel patterns, policy decision support, etc. Various studies to overcome this limitation have been conducted in South Korea and other countries to develop es-timation methodologies of alighting stops. Even existing studies introduce an advanced method, we found the margin for better accuracy by combining various estimation methodologies for estimating alighting stops. This study reviewed previously conducted studies to classify data with missing alighting stop information into trip types and then applied an appropriate alighting stop estimation methodology for the characteristics of each trip type by stage. The proposed method is evaluated by utilizing transportation card data of the Seoul metropolitan area and checked the accuracy for each standard of allowable error for sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the number of trips, accuracy, and valid tag rate were checked for each type to examine the need for classifying the trip types. Finally, our evaluation also examines the impact of classifying trip types on estimation accuracy. The evaluation criteria are accuracy of the number of trips and valid tag rate. The analysis shows that the stage-by-stage estimation methodology based on the trip type proposed in this study can es-timate users’ destinations more accurately than previous studies. Furthermore, based on the construction of nearly 100% valid tag data, this study differs from prior studies.

scholarly journals The Impact of State-owned Urban Land Leasing on Intention to Reside of Migrant Labors

2020 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 01042
Author(s):  
Mingfeng Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
House Price ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Fiscal Stress ◽  
Industrial Land ◽  
Secondary Industry ◽  
The Impact ◽  
House Building ◽  
Land Leasing

Based on the data of the 74310 individual migrant labors from 250 cities that distribute uniformly in China, taking the fiscal stress of the local governments as the instrumental variable due to endogeneity, the IV-probit models indicate that: the area of state-owned urban land leasing promotes the overall intention to reside of migrant labors. Besides, the use structure of urban land leasing matters as well. Land leasing for public service effects the intention to reside positively while land leasing for house building and the secondary industry restrain the intention through mediators like education, house price and industry scale. State-owned urban land leasing for the tertiary industry is proven uncorrelated with the intention to reside, however. It is advised that the local governments ought to choose the urban land leasing structure with larger proportion of land for public service and less proportion of residential and industrial land to strengthen the intention to reside of migrant labors.

scholarly journals Bagaimana Pemerintah daerah merespon Fiscal Stress?

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Iqbal Lhutfi ◽  
Hamzah Ritchi ◽  
Ivan Yudianto
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Capital Expenditures ◽  
Fiscal Stress ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Local Revenue ◽  
Current Period ◽  
The Impact

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>ABSTRACT</span></p><p><span>This study aims to find out and analyze how the response of the regency/municipality to the occurrence of fiscal stress, which is the inability of local governments to generate sufficient income in the current period to meet their expenditure. This study used descriptive qualitative approach to explore primary data information.. This study used Yogyakarta municipality and Surakarta municipality as research sample, the author conducted interviews with related parties for data collection. The results of this study found that the character of local government entities is an important factor in how the region responds to fiscal stress. Regional Original Income has significant influence on fiscal stress, high or low Regional Original Income will affect the confidence of the region in allocating the budget that will be used for public services. The higher the ability of a region in optimizing local revenue, the smaller the impact of fiscal stress on the area, and vice versa. Another response from local governments to fiscal stress is to allocate appropriate Capital Expenditures in accordance with priorities, so that regional potential will increase and attract investors, so that it will grow the economy of the region, and in the end it is expected to increase regional income in the future. In addition to avoiding fiscal stress, the regional government allocates capital expenditures from Special Allocation Funds (DAK), so that these funds if its increase or decrease have little effect on the fiscal stress, because the capital expenditure funding comes from central government transfer funds.</span></p><p><span>Keywords : </span><span>Fiscal Stress, Response, Yogyakarta, Surakarta</span><span>ABSTRAK</span></p><p><span>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis bagaimana respon pemerintah kabupaten/kota terhadap terjadinya fiscal stress yang merupakan ketidakmampuan pemerintah daerah untuk menghasilkan pendapatan yang cukup dalam jangka waktu saat ini untuk memenuhi pengeluarannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan mencoba menggali informasi data primer ke narasumber. Penelitian ini menggunakan kota yogyakarta dan kota surakarta sebagai sampel penelitian, dan penulis melakukan wawancana ke pihak terkait untuk pengumpulan data. Hasil dari penelitian ini menemukan bahwa karakter entitas pemerintah daerah adalah faktor penting bagaimana daerah tersebut merespon terjadinya fiscal stress. Pendapatan Asli Daerah memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap fiscal stress, tinggi atau rendahnya Pendapatan Asli Daerah akan mempengaruhi kepercayaan diri daerah tersebut dalam mengalokasikan anggaran belanja yang akan digunakan untuk pelayanan publik. Semakin tinggi kemampuan suatu daerah dalam mengoptimalkan pendapatan asli daerah, semakin kecil pula dampak fiscal stress pada daerah tersebut, begitu sebaliknya. Respons lain dari pemerintah daerah terhadap fiskal stress adalah dengan mengalokasikan Belanja Modal yang sesuai sesuai dengan prioritas, sehingga potensi daerah akan meningkat dan menarik investor, sehingga pada akhirnya akan menumbuhkan perekonomian daerah tersebut, dan pada akhirnya diharapkan akan meningkatkan pendapatan daerah di masa yang akan datang. Selain itu untuk menghindari fiscal stress pemerintah daerah mengalokasikan belanja modal berasal dari Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK), sehingga dana ini apabila mengalami kenaikan atau penurunan tidak terlalu berpengaruh terhadap tingkat fiscal stress daerah tersebut, karena pembiayaan belanja modal tersebut berasal dari dana transfer pemerintah pusat.</span></p><p><span>Kata kunci : </span><span>Fiscal Stress, Respon, Yogyakarta, Surakarta</span></p></div></div></div>

Affirmative Action in Times of Fiscal Stress and Changing Value Priorities: The Case of Women in Policing

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Warner ◽  
Brent S. Steel
Keyword(s):  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Fiscal Stress ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Municipal Governments ◽  
Fiscal Constraints ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
Municipal Police ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
Using Data ◽  
American Cities

Public sector affirmative action programs must contend with recent political and economic trends. Given the conservative political environment which de-emphasizes affirmative action, and given the advent of serious fiscal constraints facing many cities, is it reasonable to expect progress in employment of women in nontraditional roles within municipal governments? This article investigates this question using data gathered from reported surveys of over 280 municipal police departments in major American cities over the period 1978 to 1987. Findings suggest that women may have a long and difficult road ahead for improving their representation in municipal policing.

Unions, Government Services, and Public Employees

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Spizman
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Public Employees ◽  
Government Employees ◽  
Employment Decisions ◽  
State And Local Government ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Conditions Of Employment

This article analyzes the impact of public employee unionism and the interdependency among different levels of government on the demand for state and local government employees. The evidence suggests that highly organized public employees exert enough political pressure to alter the terms and conditions of employment. The interdependency among different levels of government indicates that employment decisions at one level of government are related to employment decisions of other governments serving the same population. Thus, although services provided to a given population come from different political jurisdictions, these jurisdictions complement each other in providing the service. The results suggest that both market and nonmarket forces affect state and local governments' employment portfolio. Consequently, consideration should be given to both collective bargaining and the political process in analyzing the demand for public employees.

scholarly journals The Effects of Fiscal Decentralization on General and Local Government Size: Does Composite Index Matter?

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-23
Author(s):  
Ebru CANIKALP ◽  
Taner TURAN ◽  
İlter ÜNLÜKAPLAN
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Government Size ◽  
Flypaper Effect ◽  
General Government ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the impact of fiscal decentralization on the size of both general and local government using data for 36 countries over the period 1972–2019 and GMM. Our results consistently suggest that fiscal decentralization does not exert a significant impact on general government size. On the other hand, there exists a positive relationship between fiscal decentralization and local government size. We should note that our baseline regression results don’t significantly change when we use different fiscal decentralization indexes. Therefore, we don’t find any evidence for the argument that fiscal decentralization would be helpful to restrict the expansion of government size. Moreover, we present some evidence for the flypaper effect. Additionally, we find a positive relationship between the fiscal importance and local governments, interpreted as an indicator of expenditure competition instead of race to bottom.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

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