Models of Protection Against Recidivism in Justice-Involved Adults With Mental Illnesses

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 893-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan M. Lowder ◽  
Sarah L. Desmarais ◽  
Candalyn B. Rade ◽  
Tim Coffey ◽  
Richard A. Van Dorn
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Compensatory Model

Protective factors may play an important role in the assessment, treatment, and supervision of adult offenders with mental illnesses. However, little is known regarding associations between protective factors, risk factors, and recidivism in this population. In research with adolescents, five models describing these associations have been proposed and tested: (a) Compensatory, (b) Buffer, (c) Challenge, (d) Protective-Protective, and (e) Mediation. This study evaluated these models of protection against recidivism in a sample of justice-involved adults with mental illnesses ( N = 550). Risk and protective factors were operationalized using Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) assessments. Results showed consistent evidence for the Compensatory model, where risk and protective factors were independently associated with recidivism. In contrast, results failed to provide evidence supporting the other four models. Findings underscore the importance of both risk and protective factors in the assessment, treatment, and supervision of adult offenders.

scholarly journals Doctors and Nurses: A Systematic Review of the Risk and Protective Factors in Workplace Violence and Burnout

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3280
Author(s):  
Jose Miguel Giménez Lozano ◽  
Juan Pedro Martínez Ramón ◽  
Francisco Manuel Morales Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Workplace Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Academic Degree ◽  
Authoritarian Leadership

The present study aims analyze the risk factors that lead to high levels of burnout among nurses and physicians and the protective factors that prevent them. Thus, it is also intended to explore the possible correlation between physical and verbal violence produced at work and the symptoms derived from burnout. Methods: The search was carried out on the Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases between 2000 and 2019 (on which date the bibliographic search ends). Descriptive studies estimating the prevalence of workplace violence and risk and protective factors and burnout were included. An adapted version of the Downs and Black quality checklist was used for article selection. 89.6 percent of the studies analysed were in the health sector. There is a significant correlation between burnout symptoms and physical violence at work. On the one hand, the risk factors that moderate this correlation were of structural/organisational type (social support, quality of the working environment, authoritarian leadership, little autonomy or long working days, etc.) and personal type (age, gender, nationality or academic degree, etc.). On the other hand, protective factors were the quality of the working environment, mutual support networks or coping strategies. The results were analysed in-depth and intervention strategies were proposed.

Focusing Our View of Dyslexia Through a Multifactorial Lens: A Commentary

2020 ◽  
pp. 073194872093900
Author(s):  
Donald L. Compton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Potential Utility ◽  
Multifactorial Model ◽  
Special Series ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic

Multifactorial models of dyslexia have expanded how we consider heterogeneity within the population of children with dyslexia. These models are predicated on the idea that cognitive/linguistic risk factors are not deterministic but instead probabilistic, with the likelihood of difficulties involving an interaction between risk and protective factors that include both exogenous and endogenous influences. In this commentary a multifactorial model perspective is applied to examine, based on the six papers that make up the special series, the potential utility of such models to clarify issues of etiology, identification, and instruction of children with dyslexia. This approach seems to suggest that multifactorial models of dyslexia have potential to significantly expand our understanding of etiology with less immediate promise for identification and instruction.

A prospective analysis of youth violence in adolescents: influence of depression, personality, social environment and media violence

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 530-530
Author(s):  
C. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Youth Violence ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Media Violence ◽  
Positive Effects

ObjectiveUnderstanding youth violence remains a pressing issue of social concern. Identifying key risk factors for youth violence may help guide prevention and intervention efforts.AimsTo examine the relative impact of varying social influences related to family, community, mental health, television and video games on youth violence in a multivariate format.Study designThe current study involved a one-year prospective study of multiple risk and protective factors for youth violence in a Hispanic-majority sample of early adolescents. Multiple regression was used to examine risk factors from a multivariate format.ResultsResults find that current depression level was the most significant risk factor for youth violence. The influence of depression was most pronounced in individuals with preexisting antisocial personality traits. Risk and protective factors related to schools, neighborhoods, family environment or video game or television violence use were not predictive of youth violence.ConclusionsPotentially, prevention efforts which focus on mental health issues may demonstrate the most positive effects. The degree of resources and rhetoric spent on other factors, particularly television and video game violence may conversely proove unhelpful in reducing youth violence.

scholarly journals Awareness of Dementia Risk Reduction Among Current and Future Healthcare Professionals: A Survey Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Femke De Krom ◽  
Sangavi Sivananthan ◽  
Farah Alkhotany ◽  
Martijn Celen ◽  
Indy Ezra Hol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Dementia Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The total number of people affected by dementia worldwide is increasing rapidly. Recent studies provided evidence for the contribution of modifiable risk and protective factors to dementia risk. Although healthcare professionals could play an essential role in informing the general public about the relationship between lifestyle and dementia, it is unclear what they know about this relationship. Therefore, this study assesses the awareness of dementia risk reduction among current and future healthcare professionals. Methods: An online survey was carried out among 182 healthcare students from Maastricht University and 20 general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses in Limburg, The Netherlands. The survey assessed the knowledge about risk and protective factors of dementia and identified needs, wishes and barriers concerning dementia risk reduction strategies. Results: The majority of current (75.0%) and future (81.9%) healthcare professionals indicated that dementia risk reduction is possible. Among students, awareness of cardiovascular risk factors of dementia (e.g. coronary heart disease (44.5%), hypertension (53.8%)) was low. Most participants (>70.0%) would like to receive more information about dementia risk reduction. Conclusions: The majority of current and future healthcare professionals were aware of the relationship between lifestyle and dementia risk. However, there are still substantial gaps in knowledge regarding individual dementia risk factors. Given the essential role of healthcare professionals in providing lifestyle advice, there is a need to increase awareness by providing educational programs focused on dementia risk reduction.

scholarly journals Social-Ecological Predictors of Opioid Use Among Adolescents With Histories of Substance Use Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey M. Nichols ◽  
Jonathan A. Pedroza ◽  
Christopher M. Fleming ◽  
Kaitlin M. O’Brien ◽  
Emily E. Tanner-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Parental Monitoring ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Opioid Misuse ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Perceived Availability ◽  
Social Ecological

Adolescent opioid misuse is a public health crisis, particularly among clinical populations of youth with substance misuse histories. Given the negative and often lethal consequences associated with opioid misuse among adolescents, it is essential to identify the risk and protective factors underlying early opioid misuse to inform targeted prevention efforts. Understanding the role of parental risk and protective factors is particularly paramount during the developmental stage of adolescence. Using a social-ecological framework, this study explored the associations between individual, peer, family, community, and school-level risk and protective factors and opioid use among adolescents with histories of substance use disorders (SUDs). Further, we explored the potential moderating role of poor parental monitoring in the associations between the aforementioned risk and protective factors and adolescent opioid use. Participants included 294 adolescents (Mage = 16 years; 45% female) who were recently discharged from substance use treatment, and their parents (n = 323). Results indicated that lifetime opioid use was significantly more likely among adolescents endorsing antisocial traits and those whose parents reported histories of substance abuse. Additionally, adolescents reporting more perceived availability of substances were significantly more likely to report lifetime opioid use compared to those reporting lower perceived availability of substances. Results did not indicate any significant moderation effects of parental monitoring on any associations between risk factors and lifetime opioid use. Findings generally did not support social-ecological indicators of opioid use in this high-risk population of adolescents, signaling that the social-ecological variables tested may not be salient risk factors among adolescents with SUD histories. We discuss these findings in terms of continuing care options for adolescents with SUD histories that target adolescents’ antisocial traits, perceived availability of substances, and parent histories of substance abuse, including practical implications for working with families of adolescents with SUD histories.

scholarly journals Comparison of risk and protective factors for preterm birth in rural, suburban, and urban Fresno County, California

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Baer ◽  
Lauren Lessard ◽  
Marta Jankowska ◽  
James G. Anderson ◽  
Jessica Block ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Interpregnancy Interval ◽  
Fresno County ◽  
Maternal Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Local Risk

Preterm birth (PTB, < 37 weeks’ gestation) may impose lifelong sequelae or death. Fresno County reports the highest rate of PTB in California. A place-based approach investigating local risk factors for PTB may provide important opportunities for intervention and prevention. In this study, we examine risk and protective factors for PTB in rural, suburban, and urban Fresno County, California. The sample was drawn from Fresno County, California singleton births 2007-2012 (n = 81,021). Multivariate models of maternal risk and protective factors for PTB were stratified by rural, suburban, and urban residence. Women with diabetes, hypertension, infection, fewer than three prenatal care visits, previous PTB, interpregnancy interval less than six months, or were of Black race/ethnicity were at increased risk of PTB. The risk of PTB was highest for women residing in rural locations with preeclampsia superimposed on preexisting hypertension (adjusted relative risk (aRR) 5.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.4-7.4). For women living in urban residences, maternal birth in Mexico and overweight body mass index (BMI) offered protection from PTB (aRRs 0.9), whereas participation in the Women, Infants and Children program was protective for women in either urban or rural residences (aRRs 0.8). Public insurance, <12 year of education,  underweight BMI, and interpregnancy interval of five years or more were risk factors only for women in urban residences. These findings may provide important opportunities for local intervention. 

Defining Youth Suicide

2017 ◽  
pp. 483-496
Author(s):  
Herbert Hendin ◽  
Ann P. Haas ◽  
Jill Harkavy-Friedman ◽  
Maggie Mortali
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Youth Suicide ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
What Works

This chapter looks at suicide among adolescents and young adults. Although true suicide causation is difficult to empirically establish, an accumulated body of research points to a number of individual and environmental factors that have been closely and fairly consistently associated with youth suicidal behaviors. These risk factors are identified and briefly discussed here. The chapter looks the behavioral and environmental factors for suicide. The main aim of this chapter is to examine current youth suicide prevention strategies and interventions with an eye towards identifying what works, what does not appear to work, and what research needs to be undertaken to move the field forward. Given the multiplicity of risk and protective factors that have been related to youth suicide, it is understandable that many different approaches have been taken in the attempt to prevent this behaviour.

Risk Factors for Adolescent Marijuana Use

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Catalano ◽  
Elizabeth C. Speaker ◽  
Martie L. Skinner ◽  
Jennifer A. Bailey ◽  
Ge Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Illegal Drugs ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Adolescent Marijuana Use

Marijuana use has been linked to a wide variety of negative consequences, especially for those who initiate use in early adolescence and become daily or regular users as a teenager. If these negative consequences are to be avoided, prevention efforts must focus upstream on childhood and adolescent developmental periods before marijuana use is initiated or has become frequent. Upstream prevention targets factors that predict initiation and escalation of marijuana use, which are often called risk and protective factors. This chapter provides a review of current knowledge about risk and protective factors, with an emphasis on psychosocial variables specific to marijuana, differentiating predictors of marijuana use from predictors of other legal and illegal drugs when possible. The chapter also provides suggestions for future research in light of the rapidly changing legal and community conditions related to access, availability, and norms of marijuana use.

scholarly journals Identifying the critical time points for mental health of asylum seekers and refugees in high-income countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Giacco
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
High Income ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Asylum Seekers And Refugees

Abstract Aims High heterogeneity was found in the prevalence rates of mental disorders in adult asylum seekers and refugees in high-income countries. This may be related to different problems. Among them, there is a changing exposure to risk and protective factors for mental health at different phases of these people's life before migration, and during the migratory journey and resettlement. This study aimed at identifying and distinguishing time points in which distinct risk and protective factors for the mental health of asylum seekers and refugees may occur. Methods Systematic review and narrative synthesis. A systematic search was carried out for the period January 2017–August 2019, given the existence of systematic reviews of the evidence up to January 2017. Results Two hundred and fifty-two studies were identified with our search and 31 studies were included. The critical time points identified are: (a) before the travel; (b) during the travel; (c) at initial settlement in the host country; (d) when attempting to integrate in the host country; (e) when the immigration status is challenged or revoked. Some factors such as sense of belonging in the host country can be risk factors or protective factors depending on the time point. Conclusions These five critical time points can guide the development and selection of well-timed preventive and treatment interventions. They could also be used to stratify samples in epidemiological studies and meta-analyses. At present, we know much more on risk factors than on protective factors. Knowing more about protective factors may inform the development of interventions to foster them.

Prospective Risk and Protective Factors for Juvenile Arrest Among Youth At Risk for Maltreatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne S. Morrow ◽  
Miguel T. Villodas ◽  
Moira K. Cunius
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Family Violence ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Youth At Risk ◽  
Actuarial Risk ◽  
Prospective Risk

This study aimed to prospectively identify ecological risk factors for juvenile arrest in a sample of youth at risk for maltreatment. Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detector analysis was performed with data from 592 youth from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect to identify the optimal combination of age 14 predictors of past-year arrest at age 16. Results extended previous research, which has identified being male, having more conduct disorder symptoms, suspension from school, perceived school importance, witnessing family violence, and having a jailed family member as key risk and protective factors for arrest by identifying important interactions among these risk factors. These interactions differentiate youth at the greatest risk of arrest, which, in this sample, were males with greater than two symptoms of conduct disorder who witnessed family violence. These findings suggest that longitudinal and multi-informant data could inform the refinement of actuarial risk assessments for juvenile arrest.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document