The Role of Fines and Fees on Probation Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1244-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebony Ruhland ◽  
Bryan Holmes ◽  
Amber Petkus
Keyword(s):  
Ability To Pay ◽  
Extralegal Factors ◽  
Probation Outcomes

Individuals on probation are commonly assessed fines and fees. These monetary sanctions serve different purposes. Fines are primarily used for more punitive purposes, whereas fees are often used to recover the costs of services provided. Regardless of ability to pay, monetary sanction payments are often required as a probation condition. Nonpayment therefore can result in violations and potentially revocations. However, little is known about how fines and fees operate specifically within probation. This current study explored legal and extralegal factors that influence the total amount of fines and fees assessed in individual cases, as well as the influence of fines and fees on probation revocations. The implications of the findings concentrate on ways to improve probation policies as well as probation officer’s practices as they relate to the collection and enforcement of monetary sanctions.

Role of Homoeopathic Remedies in Treatment of ADHD

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Nikunj Panchal
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Pediatric Practice ◽  
Attention Deficit Disorders ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Ability To Pay

Homoeopathy is the system of medicine founded by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) of Germany. It is based on the principle that “like cures like”. In practice, this means that a medicine capable of producing certain effects when taken by a healthy human being is capable of curing any illness that displays similar effects. In pediatric practice; attention deficit disorders (ADHD/ADD) are the most common serious psychosocial problems prompting parents to seek help for their children. Since the ability to pay attention and concentrate is a basis prerequisite of child development, forming the foundation of all learning and thinking as well as of emotional and social interaction, the suffering of these children as well as their siblings, parents, teachers, and fellow pupils is often considerable.

Probation Recommendations and Sentences Received

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Leifker ◽  
Lisa L. Sample
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Probation Officers ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Sentencing Recommendations ◽  
Extralegal Factors

Although an association has been established between sentencing recommendations made by probation officers and the actual sentences received by offenders, to date, few scholars have examined the role of offender and officer characteristics in these recommendations. This article uses quantitative data from one small California jurisdiction between 2004 and 2006 to explore the role of legal and extralegal factors in sentencing recommendations. The minimal impact of extralegal factors is discussed and conclusions are made about why this may be the case. Ultimately, this research is intended to shed further light on the sentencing process and the previously documented sentencing disparities that exist.

Defense Attorneys and Plea Bargains

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey S. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Plea Bargaining ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Defense Attorneys ◽  
Adversarial System ◽  
Federal Standard ◽  
Extralegal Factors ◽  
The U.S

In the landmark Gideon v. Wainwright decision (1963), the U.S. Supreme Court established the federal standard of appointed counsel for indigent defendants as fundamental to fairness. This right has been upheld throughout the years and is central to our adversarial system. The attorney’s responsibility is to zealously serve as the accused’s strongest counselor and advocate. In the context of plea bargaining, the attorney can assist the defendant in making a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent plea decision. The attorney may act as a “debiaser,” counteracting irrationality on the defendant’s part. However, research suggests structural influences and psychological processes may impede the role of the attorney. This chapter explores how legal and extralegal factors affect attorneys’ plea decision-making, which ultimately influence defendants’ decisions to waive or invoke their right to trial.

scholarly journals Practice variation in long‐term care access and use: The role of the ability to pay

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1277-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisy Duell ◽  
Maarten Lindeboom ◽  
Xander Koolman ◽  
France Portrait
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Practice Variation ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
Care Access

Getting the toll story about willingness-to-pay tolls

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-174
Author(s):  
Juita-Elena (Wie) Yusuf ◽  
Lenahan O’Connell ◽  
David Chapman ◽  
Meagan M. Jordan ◽  
Khairul Azfi Anuar
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Planned Behavior ◽  
Price Information ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine drivers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) tolls using data from a survey of drivers in the Hampton Roads region of Southeastern Virginia. The theory of planned behavior is applied to understand the different factors contributing to WTP tolls. The study measures different dimensions of WTP, offers a two-stage approach that aligns correlates of WTP tolls in logical sequence, and assesses the role of price information (toll rates) as an anchor heuristic in WTP. Design/methodology/approach Three WTP measures are elicited via contingent valuation method using three survey questions that incorporate different price information. The study tests the role of price information as an anchor heuristic. WTP is analyzed using a two-stage decision process. Drivers first decide whether, in-principle, to support tolls, followed by the amount they are willing to pay (maximum and peak amounts). Three regression models are run to test the impact of ability to pay on amount WTP, impact of in-principle WTP on maximum WTP, and impact of maximum WTP on peak WTP given an anchor toll rate. Findings Attitudes supportive of tolls and the ability to pay are predictors of in-principle WTP, while in-principle WTP predicts amount (maximum and peak) WTP. Price information, as an anchor heuristic, reduces variability in amount WTP and conditions the amounts WTP. Originality/value The value and originality of this study lie in the application of the theory of planned behavior to study WTP tolls, the use of contingent valuation, and the effect of anchor heuristics.

scholarly journals Potensi Konflik dalam Relasi Penjeratan Hutang di Masyarakat Nelayan: Studi Kasus Relasi Bakul dan Langgan di Desa Gebang Mekar Kabupaten Cirebon

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Wanodyo Sulistyani ◽  
Soni A. Nulhaqim
Keyword(s):  
Social Relation ◽  
Market Price ◽  
The State ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
Debt Bondage ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Capital Owner ◽  
The Law

Debt bondage is a relation pattern between Bakul (the capital owner) and Langgan (fishers who are indebted to Bakul) in Gebang Mekar Village, Cirebon District. This debt bondage are imperishable because the lack of Langgan’s ability to pay their debt to Bakul; while Bakul as the capital owner has power to determine the price of fish and other fisheries products, where the fishers have obligation to sell their harvest to their Bakul. Yet, Bakul’s price is lower than the market price. As a result, to increase the fishers’ profit, they sold their harvest to other Bakul; this behavior is potentially raised a conflict between fishers and their Bakul also among Bakul. Study of Criminology explained the relation between the powerful and the powerless in making law in their favor. Unfair law has encouraged the powerless to breaking the law, and creating conflict. In this article, initially, the lack of fishers’ welfare related to the role of the state will be reviewed; next, the criminology theories which explain about violation and the causes of conflict will be outlined; furthermore, the relation between Bakul and Langgan in Gebang Mekar Village, Cirebon District will be described; lastly, potential conflict that arise because of Bakul and Langgan relation will be analyzed with criminology theories.Keywords: Conflict, social Relation, Fishery Community.

Towards a Sustainable Welfare State: The Role of Universal Basic Services

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Anna Coote
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Planetary Boundaries ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Post War ◽  
Social Wage ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Spending Cuts

The idea of pooling resources and sharing risks to provide universal services according to need not ability to pay was at the heart of the post-war settlement. However, decades of market ideology and deep spending cuts have left most services starved of power and resources. Universal Basic Services (UBS) offers a principled framework for policy and practice that aims to ensure everyone has access to life’s essentials. Based on need theory it combines universality with sufficiency to provide a secure social foundation for all within planetary boundaries. Needs are met in different ways, combining collective and individual measures, as illustrated by examples of childcare, housing and food. UBS can be combined with an income guarantee to ensure no-one’s income falls below an agreed level of sufficiency. Cash and services, which represent a ‘social wage’, are best understood as two sides of the same coin, supporting rather than competing with one another.

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