Our climate conditions are already changing – Should we care?

2021 ◽  
pp. 014362442110042
Author(s):  
Drury B Crawley ◽  
Linda K Lawrie
Keyword(s):  
Energy Simulation ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Building Performance ◽  
Temperature Record ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
The World

The IPCC and many others predict significant changes to our climates over the rest of this century, including average temperature increases for 2–5°C. However, we can see possible indications of change already – increasing frequency of severe storms and other weather events. However, many of the major weather data sets used around the world for building energy simulation are more than 15 years old. Does it matter? This paper compares several of the major data sets used in building performance simulation against newer data derived from the past 15 years. Ten of the past 15 years are the hottest on record and this rapidly changing climate already is evident in the temperature record. We use energy simulation to demonstrate how the various data sets impact energy use. In addition, the design conditions for heating and cooling calculations are already seeing slight changes over the past 20 years. Data for 12 locations around the world is used to demonstrate the changing climate that we already see. Practical application: This paper encourages building designers to use the most up-to-date climatic data in their design and evaluation of building performance.

Production environment recording

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Scherf ◽  
M. Tixier-Boichard
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Niche Markets ◽  
Animal Genetic Resources ◽  
Production Environments ◽  
The World ◽  
Common Framework ◽  
Northern Alps

SummaryImproved understanding of the adaptation of livestock breeds to their production environments is important for many decisions in the field of AnGR management, ranging from genetic improvement to conservation. However, adaptation is complex and difficult to measure. One approach to this problem is to characterize adaptation indirectly by describing the production environments in which a breed has been kept over time, and to which it has probably become adapted. Comprehensive and comparable descriptions of the production environments in which animals are kept are also needed to make meaningful evaluations of performance data and to enable comparative analysis of the performance of different breeds. To address these requirements and in accordance with the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources, it has been proposed that a recognized set of “production environment descriptors“ should be established and used throughout the world as a common framework for describing breeds' production environments. An important aspect of the process will be the georeferencing of breed distributions, which will allow them to be linked to a range of existing georeferenced data sets (e.g. climatic data). The link between a breed and a specific production environment may offer a basis for the development of a niche market; examples in include the Bresse chicken of France and the Abondance and Tarentaise cattle breeds of the northern Alps. Such niche markets represent important opportunities for keeping traditional breeds in use.

scholarly journals Frontiers of Real-Time Data Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Croushore
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Current Analysis ◽  
Time Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Data Revisions ◽  
The World ◽  
Real Time Data ◽  
The Impact

In the past ten years, researchers have explored the impact of data revisions in many different contexts. Researchers have examined the properties of data revisions, how structural modeling is affected by data revisions, how data revisions affect forecasting, the impact of data revisions on monetary policy analysis, and the use of real-time data in current analysis. This paper summarizes many of the questions for which real-time data analysis has provided answers. In addition, researchers and institutions have developed better real-time data sets around the world. Still, additional research is needed in key areas and research to date has uncovered even more fruitful areas worth exploring. (JEL C52, C53, C80, E01)

Updates to Hourly Climate Data for Use in AASHTOWare Pavement Mechanistic–Empirical Design

2017 ◽  
Vol 2640 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter Brink ◽  
Harold Von Quintus ◽  
Leon F. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Weather Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
The North ◽  
Hourly Temperature ◽  
Regional Reanalysis ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
Empirical Design

The AASHTOWare Pavement Mechanistic–Empirical Design software requires hourly temperature, wind speed, percentage sunshine, precipitation, and relative humidity to properly calculate pavement damage and distresses. Actual or measured values, which vary hourly throughout a day for a given site, are required to properly capture the damage caused by environmental loadings. Currently the mechanistic–empirical design hourly climatic data contain approximately 1,200 U.S. and 300 Canadian stations. The U.S. stations typically contain data from 1995 through 2005, and data from the Canadian stations vary in length from 10 to 50 years, with the exception of some weather stations. Some agencies expanded their historical weather data to include longer periods of time. This paper documents the process and data sources that were used to update the current set of climate stations with climate data dating back to 1979 using the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) database. The results of the comparison between new climate files and the existing older climate data files for use in pavement design are presented. Overall, the NARR-generated climate data showed a very good comparison. The paper details the background of the NARR and its limitations and compares the performance predictions made by using the old and new climate data. The results indicate there is no systematic bias between the two climate data sets.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Review of Trigeneration Systems for Power, Heating and Cooling Requirements

2020 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 01099
Author(s):  
Krishna Mani Mishra ◽  
Onkar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Potential Solution ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Combined Cycle Power Plant ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The World

Changing climate conditions have been burdening the present civilization with excessive cooling and heating requirements, apart from the industrial requirements for these. Trigeneration refers to simultaneous power, heating and cooling from any system. The requirement of heating and cooling if met from the low grade energy available in conventional gas/steam combined cycle power plant offers potential solution to the endangering environment for meeting heating and cooling needs. Present paper deals with the thermodynamic review of trigeneration technology and aims at introspection into its state of study across the world.

Effect of Applied Weather Data Sets on the Computational Assessment of Hygrothermal Performance of Historical Masonry

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Kocí ◽  
Robert Cerný
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Damage Functions ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Hygrothermal Performance ◽  
Historical Masonry

Several historical wall assemblies together with several weather data sets are investigated in order to study the effect of environmental load on hygrothermal performance of historical buildings. The effect of weather data is assessed using several damage functions with the emphasis placed on frost induced damage. The climatic data are represented by six different weather data sets, namely by the test reference year, positive and critical weather years, together with the meteorological data measured by the autors during the time period of 2013–2015. Special attention is paid to the recent weather data as there is an apparent trend of average temperature increase in the Central Europe in last few years. The results presented in the paper confirm the warming trend which is manifested by virtually no frost induced damage observed for weather years 2014 and 2015 in the analyzed historical building envelopes.

A basic introduction to image processing using NIH-Image as a model

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 392-393
Author(s):  
John Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Digital Instrument ◽  
Novice User ◽  
Nih Image ◽  
The Past ◽  
Digital World ◽  
The World ◽  
Instrument Control

Advances in camera technology and digital instrument control have meant that in modern microscopy, the image that was, in the past, typically recorded on a piece of film is now recorded directly into a computer. The transfer of the analog image seen in the microscope to the digitized picture in the computer does not mean, however, that the problems associated with recording images, analyzing them, and preparing them for publication, have all miraculously been solved. The steps involved in the recording an image to film remain largely intact in the digital world. The image is recorded, prepared for measurement in some way, analyzed, and then prepared for presentation.Digital image acquisition schemes are largely the realm of the microscope manufacturers, however, there are also a multitude of “homemade” acquisition systems in microscope laboratories around the world. It is not the mission of this tutorial to deal with the various acquisition systems, but rather to introduce the novice user to rudimentary image processing and measurement.

On the Symbolism of Rain in A Farewell to Arms

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Tool ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Farewell To Arms

This paper critically analyzes the symbolic use of rain in A Farewell to Arms (1929). The researcher has applied the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis as a research tool for the analysis of the text. This hypothesis argues that the languages spoken by a person determine how one observes this world and that the peculiarities encoded in each language are all different from one another. It affirms that speakers of different languages reflect the world in pretty different ways. Hemingway’s symbolic use of rain in A Farewell to Arms (1929) is denotative, connotative, and ironical. The narrator and protagonist, Frederick Henry symbolically embodies his own perceptions about the world around him. He time and again talks about rain when something embarrassing is about to ensue like disease, injury, arrest, retreat, defeat, escape, and even death. Secondly, Hemingway has connotatively used rain as a cleansing agent for washing the past memories out of his mind. Finally, the author has ironically used rain as a symbol when Henry insists on his love with Catherine Barkley while the latter being afraid of the rain finds herself dead in it.

Profilometry. Using Corneo-scleral topography for scleral lens fitting

The Eye ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (128) ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Gregory DeNaeyer
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Surface ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Way

The world-wide use of scleral contact lenses has dramatically increased over the past 10 year and has changed the way that we manage patients with corneal irregularity. Successfully fitting them can be challenging especially for eyes that have significant asymmetries of the cornea or sclera. The future of scleral lens fitting is utilizing corneo-scleral topography to accurately measure the anterior ocular surface and then using software to design lenses that identically match the scleral surface and evenly vault the cornea. This process allows the practitioner to efficiently fit a customized scleral lens that successfully provides the patient with comfortable wear and improved vision.

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