The Status and Prospects of Energy in China to 2005

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 306-316
Author(s):  
Zhou Feng Qi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Oil Development ◽  
The Status ◽  
Offshore Oil ◽  
World Ranking

China's principal indigenous energy resources are: coal 800 billion tonne, hydroelectricity potential 680 GW, petroleum 60-80 billion tonne and large reserves of natural gas. Modernization of the country since 1949 has resulted in a 10% annual growth rate in the production of fossil fuels and hydroelectricity to make China third in a world ranking (912 Mtce in 1987). Forecasts for consumption in the next century are based on quadrupling industrial and agricultural production. Total demand is expected to be as high as 1450 Mtce. Coal will remain the chief source and by then nuclear is expected to contribute. Offshore oil development is receiving much attention and foreign partners are sought for its development.

Salt marshes of Atlantic Canada: their ecology and distribution

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Roberts ◽  
Alexander Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Anthropogenic Influences ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Environment Management ◽  
Oil Development ◽  
The Status ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Offshore Oil

This paper reviews the status of research on the Atlantic salt marshes of eastern Canada. The floristics, habitats, and biophysical aspects of the Atlantic salt marshes are described and aspects relating to anthropogenic influences on the Atlantic marshes are discussed in the context of contemporary rural settlement and vulnerability to offshore oil development. Guidelines for environment management, protection, and rehabilitation research are proposed. Such guidelines are deemed important since more than half the 33 000 ha of salt marshes in Nova Scotia have been dyked for agriculture. Most of the salt-marsh habitats in Newfoundland have a high degree of domestic grazing, even though the marshes are small in size and rare in occurrence. The least disturbed in terms of domestic use are the Labrador salt marshes which, although grazed by migratory ducks and geese, have not yet been influenced by man's activities. In addition, the Labrador salt marshes are discussed and compared with the northern marshes of arctic Canada in terms of their ecology and formation.

Modelling and Simulation of a Natural Gas Liquid Fractionation System Using Aspen HYSYS

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
John Olusoji Owolabi ◽  
Olatokunbo Olatunbosun Kila ◽  
Abdulwahab Giwa
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Aspen Hysys ◽  
The Status ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Liquid Fractionation

The global use of natural gas is growing quickly, and this is attributed primarily to its environmental advantage over fossil fuels such as crude oil and coal. This natural gas is usually flared in refineries because extra charges would be incurred in collecting and processing it. A country flares about 800 million standard cubic feet (Mmscf) of gas per day, from approximately 144 gas flare points across the nation, losing a huge amount of money per annum. A liquefied natural gas plant has converted about 5.58 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of associated gas to exports as liquefied natural gas and natural gas liquids (NGLs), thus helping to reduce gas flaring from upstream companies. Natural gas liquids (NGLs) are major contributors to this economic benefit through petrochemical feedstock for industrial purposes, fuel for residential, commercial and agricultural applications, in addition to using other products as propellant, refrigerant and gasoline blending. To contribute to the technology of natural gas liquid system, in this work, a fractionation system has been modelled and simulated using Aspen HYSYS to determine the status of processes involved and the compositions of the NGLs. The results obtained revealed that each of methane, ethane, propane, iso-butane and n-butane could be successfully separated with high purity from natural gas feed stream. Also, it was observed from the validation carried out on the developed model of the system, which was ascertained by its operations that were in line with the theoretical principles of separation involved in the plant, that it can be used for further analyses of the system.

Global Energy Market: Past, Present and Future

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Bhargava
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Depth Analysis

The three fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas, are the major and depletable energy resources of the world. By end of the twentieth century, approximately 85% of the total primary energy consumed globally came from the three fossil fuels. In the last two years or so oil prices have almost doubled, whereas, price of natural gas has also increased at a faster rate. Indications and predictions are that these prices will stay for years to come because of imbalance in supply and demand and political instability in the Middle East and Africa regions. In such a dynamic energy market, companies dealing with energy resources, energy related equipment suppliers and service providers will face a stiffer competition. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the global energy market emphasizing the following key issues: the status of proven fossil fuels reserves which are recoverable with the today’s technology; trends of production and consumption of major fuels; trends of electric power generation and industrial gas turbine market for power generation; and emissions related issues. A brief discussion on gas monetization and IGCC (Integrated Gasification and Combined Cycle) technology is also included. In addition to presenting an in-depth analysis of the energy related data for the last 2–3 decades, projections are provided for the next two decades (until 2025). The presented data will be useful in identifying world’s areas and countries where potentials for energy related businesses are expected to grow in the coming years. The presented study is a timely topic of discussion in presence of a highly volatile energy market and companion to the theme of the Turbo Expo 2006 “The Global Market and Cooperative Ventures”.

scholarly journals Analysis of Urban Sprawl Dynamics Using Geospatial Technology in Ranchi City, Jharkhand, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firoz Ahmad ◽  
Laxmi Goparaju
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Sustainable Living ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
The Status ◽  
Northern Side ◽  
The City

Abstract The availability of remote sensing satellite data at various spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions provides enormous opportunity to map the urban sprawl. When coupled with Geographic Information System (GIS) it is possible to evaluate, analyse and integrate large data. We need to understand and quantify the urban sprawl on spatial and temporal scales which forms a basis for better planning and sustainable management of cities and towns. The city of Ranchi has witnessed unprecedented urban growth after assuming the status of a capital of Jharkhand state, India in 2000. The increasing population has put pressure on the natural resources of the city. The urban growth has been in a haphazard manner at the cost of agricultural lands, forest land and open green spaces such as park, garden and recreational forestry. The present study analysed the urban sprawl in Ranchi city, using Landsat data from 1976, 2002 and 2015. The study revealed that the annual urban growth rate was 1.76 ha/yr over the period from 1976 to 2002 whereas the annual growth rate was 2 ha/yr over the period from 2002 to 2015. The northern side of the city has witnessed more expansion in 2002 when compared with the growth in 1976. Increase in urban density was seen at the distances of 3, 4,5,6,7 and 8km between 1976 and 2015 and the rate was higher than 25%.The driving factors of the development were infrastructure, educational and business expansion. Thus, spatial analyses of urban sprawl are a prerequisite for curbing the unplanned urban growth and ensure sustainable living.

Cooperation For Survival: Western Interests v. SADCC

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Carol B. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

Every year statistics seem to demonstrate another decline in the quality of life in Southern Africa. The annual growth rate per capita of agricultural production in the region deteriorated to -1.04 percent from 1978-85. In March 1987, UNICEF reported that every four minutes a child under 5 years dies in Angola and Mozambique, the highest death rate among children in the world. International agencies like UNICEF now cite the major cause of this devastation: war waged by South Africa against its neighbors.

"Assessment of global halal market : challenges and opportunities"

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-23
Author(s):  
Hafiz Wasim Akram ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Secondary Research ◽  
Compound Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Global Consensus ◽  
The Us ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Status

This study presents the status of the burgeoning global halal market, challenges it faces, and opportunities available for stakeholders. The study is based on primary and secondary research, and found that the US$2.1trillion halal market is projected to reach US $3 trillion by the end of 2023 at a compound annual growth rate of 6.11 per cent. The present market size will more than double if Islamic financing is brought under the ambit of the halal market. Though the uncharted territory has a lot of potential to be tapped, it is also afflicted with multifaceted challenges such asa lack of global consensus (ijama).It is recommended that a harmonized system (HS)code-like mechanism be adopted to capture trade figures of products that conform to halal principles.

The Role of Natural Gas in Energy Transition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Angulo Rodríguez ◽  
Ariel Yépez-García
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Energy Matrix ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Firm Power ◽  
Gas Market

As of 2004 and continuously to this day, the annual growth rate of renewable sources has been greater than that of all fossil fuels combined. In the midst of this transition to cleaner energy, natural gas is the only fossil fuel that has increased its share in the global energy matrix. Technological changes in the LNG supply chain, as well as transformations in the global natural gas market, largely explain this growth. This publication provides evidence on the fundamental role that natural gas plays in the energy transition, given that: (i) its greenhouse gas emissions are substantially lower than those of oil and coal; (ii) it provides the firm power necessary to complement intermittent renewable energies; (iii) it is particularly safe compared to other fossil fuels. In line with these attributes, the International Energy Agency projects that the share of natural gas in the global energy matrix by 2040 will remain stable (around 24%), even in its Sustainable Development Scenario, which would allow to meet the goals established in the Paris Agreement.

Decreasing Supplies, Increasing Risks in Oil Development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Shearer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Deepwater Horizon ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oil Drilling ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Oil Development ◽  
Oil Demand ◽  
Offshore Oil

The ongoing, large demand for oil in the United States has helped push oil companies from onshore to offshore, increasing the complexity of the operations and the risks. This has been encouraged by US policy, which has historically encouraged an increase in both national oil demand and domestic oil production. This chapter focuses on expanded offshore oil drilling in the United States and its risks, highlighting the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil blowout. Such events are examples of explicitly “human-caused” disasters that nonetheless can be expected to increase as we resort to lower quality and harder to reach fossil fuels, offering an interesting example of Charles Perrow’s concept of “normal accidents.”

scholarly journals Strategic perspectives of rural households development in Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
О. Dmytryk
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
Rural Household ◽  
Average Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Manufactured Products

The article studies the peculiarities of functioning of rural households, the substantiation of strategic scenarios for their development and the development of an effective mechanism for strengthening their role in the formation of agri-food resources of Ukraine. Taking into account the current state of the agricultural sector and real conditions of rural households existence, several alternative ways of their development are defned: individual (independent) development; integration of rural households with agricultural and processing enterprises; cooperation with other rural households and with small businesses. The analysis of the structure of agricultural production in terms of rural households that can be consumer oriented, consumer – production oriented and production oriented allows us to conclude that a long-term development of rural households will lead to a change in their commodity proposal. The results of the design analysis of the average growth rates of all three resource components showed: the average annual growth rate of labour remuneration - 24.3%; average annual growth rate of fnancial assistance - 21.5%; average annual growth rate of rural household income - 14.6%; the average annual growth rate of total revenues (resources) - 18.7%. Having used the statistical package "STATGRAPHICS",we analyzed the tendencies of decrease of incomes share of rural households from own labor and capital; as well as growth of incomes from hired labor. Having used the ARIMA model, we made a forecast until 2025, and found that the share of population incomes from rural households will decrease to 20.2%. However, the decrease in income from own labor and capital should be offset by an increase in income from remuneration of labor received in the real sector of the economy. In addition, the share of gross output of households in the total gross output of agriculture is calculated. The Brown model (exponential smoothing model) with the parameter alpha = 0.3639 was used for the forecast. According to the results of calculations, it can be concluded that in the future the share of gross agricultural output will decrease and may reach 35.7% by 2025. Today it is also obvious that production oriented rural household, in conditions of increase of marketability level and effective mechanisms for the sale of manufactured products, can be the base for the development of entrepreneurship in agricultural production. This can be created through the organization of a system of purchasing manufactured products from the population, or through the organization of a system of consumer cooperation. Based on this, we believe that the development of land mortgage lending is important to meet fnancial resources needs of small agricultural producers in Ukraine, to achieve maximum economic effect from the realization of land potential, and as a result, to reduce risks in agricultural production. The mechanism for solving this problem, to our opinion, is the creation of mortgage funds of entity at the state level or at the level of united territorial communities. Key words: rural household, incomes of rural households, family farms, rural territories, mortgage lending, cooperation.

Needed Research with Respect to Energy Use in Agricultural Production

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Havlicek ◽  
Oral Capps
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Price Increases

The agricultural industry, like other industries, has become increasingly dependent upon energy resources such as electricity, fossil fuels, chemicals and fertilizers, largely due to relatively low energy prices. In the middle 1970s, however, energy prices rose sharply as a result of continuously rightward shifting energy demands and leftward shifting energy supplies due to dwindling domestic reserves and oil price increases by OPEC nations. Although the rapidly rising energy prices may have been viewed initially as a temporary phenomenon, most now agree that we are in an era of high energy prices. Carter and Youde [2] have discussed some impacts of the changing energy situation on U.S. agriculture.

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