Meta-Analysis of Single-Case Research via Multilevel Models: Fundamental Concepts and Methodological Considerations

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariola Moeyaert ◽  
Rumen Manolov ◽  
Emily Rodabaugh
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Multilevel modeling is an approach that can be used to summarize single-case experimental design (SCED) data. Multilevel models were developed to analyze hierarchical structured data with units at a lower level nested within higher level units. SCEDs use time series data collected from multiple cases (or subjects) within a study that allow researchers to investigate intervention effectiveness at the individual level and also to investigate how these individual intervention effects change over time. There is an increased interest in the field regarding how SCEDs can be used to establish an evidence base for interventions by synthesizing data from a series of intervention studies. Although using multilevel models to meta-analyze SCED studies is promising, application is often hampered by being potentially excessively technical. First, this article provides an accessible description and overview of the potential of multilevel meta-analysis to combine SCED data. Second, a summary of the methodological evidence on the performance of multilevel models for meta-analysis is provided, which is useful given that such evidence is currently scattered over multiple technical articles in the literature. Third, the actual steps to perform a multilevel meta-analysis are outlined in a brief practical guide. Fourth, a suggestion for integrating the quantitative results with a visual representation is provided.

scholarly journals Risk Monitoring and Quantitative Results of Various Attributes of Machine Learning Algorithms with a Time Series Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 4018-4022
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithm ◽  
Risk Modelling ◽  
Risk Monitoring ◽  
Quantitative Results

The aim of this research is to do risk modelling after analysis of twitter posts based on certain sentiment analysis. In this research we analyze posts of several users or a particular user to check whether they can be cause of concern to the society or not. Every sentiment like happy, sad, anger and other emotions are going to provide scaling of severity in the conclusion of final table on which machine learning algorithm is applied. The data which is put under the machine learning algorithms are been monitored over a period of time and it is related to a particular topic in an area

scholarly journals Welsh Government Flying Start Programme Evaluation Using Linked Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Lowe ◽  
Laura McGinn ◽  
Marcos Quintela ◽  
Luke Player ◽  
Karen Tingay
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Base ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Parenting Support ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Families With Children

BackgroundFlying Start (FS) is the Welsh Government’s (WG) flagship Early Years programme for families with children aged less than 4 years of age. Running since 2006, the four entitlements are: Free part-time childcare for 2-3 year olds Enhanced Health Visiting Parenting support Speech, language, and communication support ObjectivesCurrently, while we know which areas in Wales are receiving FS support, individual-level data on which child received what entitlements is not available. Area-level outcomes can be used as proxy indicators but the individual impact of receiving FS support cannot be examined.The project aims to evaluate FS by linking the FS cohort to a range of outcomes including health, education and social care. MethodsA Dataflow Development Project (DDP) has been launched to install SAIL (Secure Anonymised Information Linkage) appliances into 6 pilot Local Authorities in Wales which will test acquiring and linking the individual level FS data from pilot Local Authorities with other datasets in SAIL. FindingsThe project will report some emerging findings from the analysis of pilot data. ImplicationsThere is a growing interest in using linked administrative data to evaluate government initiatives, and mounting enthusiasm in Local Government. If successful, this model is likely to be adopted by related WG programmes; improving the evidence base, facilitating effective evaluation, and adding to the data available for re-use in Wales.

scholarly journals Solitary potential structures observed in the magnetosheath by the Cluster spacecraft

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Pickett ◽  
J. D. Menietti ◽  
D. A. Gurnett ◽  
B. Tsurutani ◽  
P. M. Kintner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Bow Shock ◽  
Local Magnetic Field ◽  
Series Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Abstract. Bipolar pulses of ~ 25-100 µs in duration have been observed in the wave electric field data obtained by the Wideband plasma wave instrument on the Cluster spacecraft in the dayside magnetosheath. These pulses are similar in almost all respects to those observed on several spacecraft over the last few years. They represent solitary potential structures, and in this case, electron phase space holes. When the time series data containing the bipolar pulses on Cluster are transformed to the frequency domain by a windowed FFT, the pulses appear as typical broad-band features, extending from the low-frequency cutoff of the bandpass filter, ~ 1 kHz, up to as great as 20-40 kHz in some cases, with decreasing intensity as the frequency increases. The upper frequency cutoff of the broad band is an indication of the individual pulse durations (1/f). The solitary potential structures are detected when the local magnetic field is contained primarily in the spin plane, indicating that they propagate along the magnetic field. Their frequency extent and intensity seem to increase as the angle between the directions of the magnetic field and the plasma flow decreases from 90°. Of major significance is the finding that the overall profile of the broad-band features observed simultaneously by two Cluster spacecraft, separated by a distance of over 750 km, are strikingly similar in terms of onset times, frequency extent, intensity, and termination. This implies that the generation region of the solitary potential structures observed in the magnetosheath near the bow shock is very large and may be located at or near the bow shock, or be connected with the bow shock in some way.

Precision of Single-Skill Math CBM Time-Series Data: The Effect of Probe Stratification and Set Size

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 724-739
Author(s):  
Benjamin G. Solomon ◽  
Lexy L. Payne ◽  
Kayla V. Campana ◽  
Erin A. Marr ◽  
Carmela Battista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Separate Study ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Case Research ◽  
Single Case Research ◽  
Relevant Consideration

Comparatively little research exists on single-skill math (SSM) curriculum-based measurements (CBMs) for the purpose of monitoring growth, as may be done in practice or when monitoring intervention effectiveness within group or single-case research. Therefore, we examined a common variant of SSM-CBM: 1 digit × 1 digit multiplication. Reflecting how such measures are often used in contemporary research and practice, we examined the comparative reliability of three representative SSM-CBM set sizes of 8, 16, and 32 unique problems. In a separate study, we investigated the possible benefit of stratifying problems within operation and probe relative to random assignment. Findings suggest that SSM-CBM slope reliability benefits from explicit stratification and that set size is a relevant consideration. Implications for the selection and interpretation of SSM-CBMs when engaging in practice and research are discussed.

Progression-free survival (PFS) as a surrogate endpoint for overall survival (OS) in advanced/recurrent gastric cancer (AGC) treatment: Individual-patient-data (IPD) based meta-analysis of randomized trials.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e16506-e16506
Author(s):  
Koji Oba ◽  
Xavier Paoletti ◽  
Yung-Jue Bang ◽  
Olivier Bouché ◽  
Michel Ducreux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Surrogate Endpoint ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Patient Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Measurable Disease ◽  
Surrogate Threshold Effect ◽  
The Individual

e16506 Background: In 2013, the GASTRIC (Global Advanced/Adjuvant Stomach Tumor Research through International Collaboration) evaluated the surrogacy of PFS based on IPD of 4,069 patients from 20 randomized trials of AGC. Treatment effects on PFS and on OS were only moderately correlated, and we could not validate PFS as a surrogate endpoint for OS. More recent trials, with refined inclusion criteria and higher standards for evaluating progression, may allow for a more accurate estimate of the correlation. The 2nd round of the GASTRIC sought to re-evaluate the surrogacy of PFS for OS in AGC. Methods: The GASTRIC database was updated with trials published after 2010 which used RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors). Since the proportional hazards assumption was questionable for PFS, we primarily used mean-time ratio as a treatment effect measure, estimated by using the log-logistic model. Using the meta-analytic approach, correlations between PFS and OS at the individual level (Rindiv), and between treatment effects on PFS and on OS at the trial level (Rtrial), were estimated using Spearman’s rank-correlation and estimation-error-adjusted regression, respectively. Surrogate threshold effect was estimated as well. Results: We analyzed 10,912 patient data (1st round 4,069 patients from 20 trials and 2nd round 6,843 patients from 17 trials). Overall, moderate correlations were found at the individual level (Rindiv = 0.75, 95%CI = 0.75 to 0.76 in Hougaard copula) and at the trial level (Rtrial = 0.77, 95%CI = 0.32 to 1.00), respectively. Surrogate threshold effect was equal to 1.29, i.e., observing 29% increase in mean PFS time would predict a significant increase of the OS time. In the subgroup of patients with measurable disease in the 2nd round dataset (4,866 patients), Rtrial was higher and equal to 0.93 (95%CI = 0.70 to 1.00), with STE equal to 1.21. These results were same for 1st and 2nd line trials. Conclusions: The meta-analysis indicates a strong correlation between treatment effects (expressed as log-mean-ratios) on PFS and OS in patients with measurable disease.

scholarly journals Fiscal Decentralization and Delivery of Public Services: Evidence from Education Sector in Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdur Rauf ◽  
Amara Akram Khan ◽  
Sher Ali ◽  
Ghulam Yahya Qureshi ◽  
Dilshad Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
High Growth ◽  
School Level ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Fiscal Transfer ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Primary School Level

AbstractFiscal Decentralization is the devolution of fiscal assignments to lower governments for high growth and better delivery of public services. The current study covering the period from 1972 to 2009 is an attempt to find out the impacts of fiscal decentralization on public services deliveries in Pakistan. Public services are proxy by Gross enrollment at primary school level while fiscal decentralization by fiscal transfer and expenditure sides of devolution. Using time series data, it is found that the individual impacts of fiscal transfer are although insignificant but still support the theoretical proposition regarding fiscal decentralization and public services relationship while delegation of expenditure responsibilities helps in improving the gross enrollment at primary school level. Furthermore the study evident that complete delegation of fiscal responsibilities to lower governments enhance enrollment ratio in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Does higher education affect total factor productivity in Nepal? An exploration through the lens of ARDL bounds test

2015 ◽  
pp. 76-102
Author(s):  
Madhav Prasad Dahal
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
Positive Externality ◽  
Growth Equations ◽  
The Individual

Education-centered human capital is one of the variables extensively used to model growth equations with the resurgence of growth theories in the 1980s primarily with the publication of Romer’s 1986 and Lucas’ 1988 seminal papers. Education contributes growth through its direct benefits to the individual and positive externality to the society. Theory claims that education enhances economic growth by working as an input of production and by being an agent of technological innovation, dissemination, and imitation. Previous empirical evidence on the effect of education on growth is mixed. This paper empirically examines the effect of higher education on total factor productivity in the aggregate level of the economy of Nepal employing time series data of the period 1975-2011 applying the ARDL method of cointegration. The findings are not encouraging on the issue.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejdi.v15i1-2.11869Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol. 15 & 16 No. 1-2, pp. 76-102

Regional and Industrial Wage Dynamics in West Germany and the United States / Regionale und industrielle Lohndynamik in Westdeutschland und den USA

2002 ◽  
Vol 222 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Mertens
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
Wage Dynamics ◽  
Demand Shocks ◽  
Individual Level

SummaryIt is commonly known that every economy is faced with the problem of unevenly distributed labour demand changes across industries, occupations and regions. In competitive labour markets flexible wages and the mobility of labour would lead to a new equilibrium distribution of wages and employment. Regional or industrial unemployment dispersion in Germany is often blamed on a lack of wage adjustments and the lack of labour mobility when economic fortunes are not distributed evenly, but this hypothesis is hardly ever tested. This paper asks how wage reactions in Germany compare with responses in the United States using individual level data. As a first step labour demand shocks are estimated from employment time series data using deterministic detrending and the Hodrick-Prescott filter. These are then included in typical wage regressions based on micro data. The results propose that German labour markets are not as inflexible as simple evidence might suggest. Although wages are regionally only flexible in the United States, wages are found to react to industrial labour demand shocks in both countries. Especially for more experienced and therefore less mobile groups in the German labour market wages react to industrial labour demand shocks.

scholarly journals Does Resilience Help in Reducing Burnout Symptoms Among Chinese Students? A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhun Gong ◽  
Chunqin Li ◽  
Xinian Jiao ◽  
Qunzhen Qu
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Collective Behaviors ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Gray Literature ◽  
Changing Trend ◽  
Student Burnout ◽  
The Individual

As society has evolved, student burnout has become a common problem in schools around the world, including in China. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to explore whether resilience is related to student burnout in China and to examine the changing trend of resilience and student burnout. Moreover, we will assess gender differences and possible biases, including publication biases, small-study biases, gray literature biases, and decline effects. This meta-analysis included 34 studies, with a total of 81 effect sizes and a total sample size of 22,474. We found that resilience was negatively correlated with student burnout in the Chinese context. We also found evidence of gray literature bias in student burnout, which needs to be verified by subsequent studies. However, we found that there were decline effects in resilience, possibly because, as culture evolves, people become more focused on themselves; thus, their collective behaviors decline, leading to a decrease in their ability to adapt to the collective and the environment. We also found similar decline effects at the individual level; that is, resilience might decrease with individual age stages (from the primary to college stage), which might be related to the use of immature defense mechanisms against stress by students.

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