scholarly journals Platform Governance Design in Platform Ecosystems: Implications for Complementors’ Multihoming Decision

2021 ◽  
pp. 014920632098833
Author(s):  
Liang Chen ◽  
Jingtao Yi ◽  
Sali Li ◽  
Tony W. Tong
Keyword(s):  
Supportive Evidence ◽  
Platform Governance ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Product Customization ◽  
Platform Ecosystems ◽  
The Cost

Extant platform research focuses on how platform owners’ governance behaviors directly affect complementors. This study explicates the multilateral interdependence among different groups of producers within a platform ecosystem. We theorize about how platform owners’ governance design may create frictions between platform providers and complementors. While open governance grants greater autonomy to platform providers, it also cultivates a more complex ecosystem for complementors. Since ecosystem complexity raises the cost of product customization, complementors will be less willing to port an existing complement to a more complex ecosystem, that is, less likely to multihome. The negative effect is weakened as the complementor has greater experience with the destination ecosystem or when the complement exhibits a greater level of modularity. Our analysis of newly launched apps in Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android smartphone ecosystems finds supportive evidence. We discuss implications for the burgeoning literature on platform ecosystems and complementors.

The Effect of Profitability and Financial Leverage on Cost of Debt Moderated Earnings Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Herman Ruslim, Renny Muspyta
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Financial Leverage ◽  
Publicly Traded ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Publicly Traded Companies ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to determine the effect of profitability and Financial Leverage on the Cost of Debt, and the role of Earnings Management as a moderating variable. In this study, profitability is measured by the ratio of return on equity, financial leverage is measured by the proxy debt ratio, earnings management as measured by discretionary accruals, and cost of debt is measured by the ratio of interest expense divided by the average total debt. The population in this study are publicly traded companies listed on the IDX, and the sample used is manufacturing companies listed on the IDX for the 2016-2019 period. Based on the purposive sampling method, the samples obtained were 69 manufacturing companies and 276 observations. The results showed that profitability has a negative effect on the cost of debt, while financial leverage has no effect on the cost of debt, earnings management cannot weaken the negative effect of profitability on the cost of debt and earnings management cannot weaken the negative effect of financial leverage on the cost of debt.

scholarly journals The consequences of polyandry for population viability, extinction risk and conservation

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1613) ◽  
pp. 20120053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Holman ◽  
Hanna Kokko
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Male Care ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Sex ◽  
Population Fitness

Polyandry, by elevating sexual conflict and selecting for reduced male care relative to monandry, may exacerbate the cost of sex and thereby seriously impact population fitness. On the other hand, polyandry has a number of possible population-level benefits over monandry, such as increased sexual selection leading to faster adaptation and a reduced mutation load. Here, we review existing information on how female fitness evolves under polyandry and how this influences population dynamics. In balance, it is far from clear whether polyandry has a net positive or negative effect on female fitness, but we also stress that its effects on individuals may not have visible demographic consequences. In populations that produce many more offspring than can possibly survive and breed, offspring gained or lost as a result of polyandry may not affect population size. Such ecological ‘masking’ of changes in population fitness could hide a response that only manifests under adverse environmental conditions (e.g. anthropogenic change). Surprisingly few studies have attempted to link mating system variation to population dynamics, and in general we urge researchers to consider the ecological consequences of evolutionary processes.

scholarly journals Designing Governance Mechanisms in Platform Ecosystems: Addressing the Paradox of Openness through Blockchain Technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Schmeiss ◽  
Katharina Hoelzle ◽  
Robin P. G. Tech
Keyword(s):  
Access Control ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Governance Mechanisms ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Technical Architecture ◽  
Platform Ecosystems ◽  
The Cost

The paradox of openness is inherent to all platform ecosystems—the tension in enabling maximum openness to create joint innovation while guaranteeing value capturing for all actors. Governance mechanisms to solve this paradox are embedded into the technical architecture of the platform, addressing the dimensions of access, control, and incentives. Blockchain technology offers unique ways to design novel governance mechanisms through the standardization of interactions. However, the design of such an architecture requires careful consideration of the cost associated with it.

scholarly journals Phage gene expression and host responses lead to infection-dependent costs of CRISPR immunity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Meaden ◽  
Loris Capria ◽  
Ellinor Alseth ◽  
Sylvain Gandon ◽  
Ambarish Biswas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Fitness Cost ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Phage Gene ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Evolution Experiment ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Phage Receptor ◽  
The Cost

AbstractCRISPR-Cas immune systems are widespread in bacteria and archaea, but not ubiquitous. Previous work has demonstrated that CRISPR immunity is associated with an infection-induced fitness cost, which may help explain the patchy distribution observed. However, the mechanistic basis of this cost has remained unclear. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 and its phage DMS3vir as a model, we perform a 30-day evolution experiment under phage mediated selection. We demonstrate that although CRISPR is initially selected for, bacteria carrying mutations in the phage receptor rapidly invade the population following subsequent reinfections. We then test three potential mechanisms for the observed cost of CRISPR: (1) autoimmunity from the acquisition of self-targeting spacers, (2) immunopathology or energetic costs from increased cas gene expression and (3) toxicity caused by phage gene expression prior to CRISPR-mediated cleavage. We find that phages can express genes before the immune system clears the infection and that expression of these genes can have a negative effect on host fitness. While infection does not lead to increased expression of cas genes, it does cause differential expression of multiple other host processes that may further contribute to the cost of CRISPR immunity. In contrast, we found little support for infection-induced autoimmunological and immunopathological effects. Phage gene expression prior to cleavage of the genome by the CRISPR-Cas immune system is therefore the most parsimonious explanation for the observed phage-induced fitness cost.

Systematics of economically important marine algae: a Canadian perspective

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Bird ◽  
J. P. van der Meer
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Canadian Perspective ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

Marine algae of economic importance encompass species of positive value, such as seaweeds harvested for food or hydrocolloid extractives, and species with negative effect, such as toxic phytoplankton or nuisance macrophytes. Only a small part of the global algal resource is obtained in Canada, and the overall benefit to the nation's economy is relatively minor, but there exists the potential for further development of useful species. On the other hand, the negative effects of toxic microalgae are increasing, in the form of losses to the shellfish fishery and aquaculture industry and the cost of providing toxicity-testing and phytoplankton-monitoring services. It is obvious that effective utilization of valuable algae, or defense against undesirable ones, must be attended by sound taxonomy to ensure that algae of interest are correctly identified and recognizable. However, the algae present particular problems to systematists, a major one being the variety of life histories, which may involve independent and conspicuous dissimilar phases. In addition, many algae are phenotypically highly variable in response to environment, which is often insufficiently appreciated. The converse situation also exists, in that morphologically similar species are sometimes regarded as a single entity. Algal taxonomists should strive to determine which variations are genetic and therefore taxonomically significant. To illustrate these points, we review recent taxonomic studies on some algal genera of present or potential economic importance in Canada. Key words: marine algae, systematics, economic potential, variability, genetics.

scholarly journals Analisis Faktor – Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tingkat Produksi Selada Air (Studi Desa Wringin Anom Kecamatan Poncokusumo Kabupaten Malang)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-119
Author(s):  
Rifatin Amalia ◽  
Idah Zuhroh ◽  
Syamsul Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Primary Data ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Significant Negative Effect ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Facilities

This study aims to analyze the effect of land area, labor, production facilities costs on the results of watercress production in Poncokumo District, Malang Regency in one season. The data used is primary data, which obtained through direct field interviews with 35 watercress farmers. The method in this study is quantitative. The result shows that the land area and the cost of production facilitie have a positive and significant effect on the production of watercress. While labor has a significant negative effect on the production of watercress.

scholarly journals Application of Condenser for Methanol Recovery in Biodiesel Setup

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1362-1364
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Natural Oil ◽  
The Cost

The waste cooking oil is transfered into biodiesel by using potassium hydroxide (KOH), alcohol (methanol) at a set temperature and time. The concentration of catalyst should be at correct level or else it will lead to negative effect on the overall output of the biodiesel produced. The biodiesel conversion is done to remove the free fatty acids present in the vegetable oil using transesterification process. It is known that the boiling point of methanol is 67 °C it gets evaporated if the reaction temperature exceeds beyond the boiling point. Due to evaporation the methanol required for the reaction to proceed forward may not available. Thus inorder the save lose of methanol due to evaporation during high temperature operations, a condenser is required to condense the escaping methanol in the form vapour. This condensed methanol is again sent back to the reaction vessel to carry the transesterification reaction. Petroleum diesel is widely used in the automobile sectors, industry purpose, domestic uses and in agriculture for generation of power (mechanical) energy for the purpose of meeting the energy demands. The fuels from alternate sources are renewable and does not cause severe effect on the environment. Biodiesel is one such source of fuel which can greatly support to reduce the dependency on conventional fuels. It will complete process in 1 to 2 days to finish the vegetable oil into biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel is renewable energy source to be produce the natural oil and also fats. Hence producing biodiesel is will be a better way to compensate the energy demands and the cost involved during production should also be considered. One of the cost reducing method is saving the raw materials from wastage.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENGHINDARAN PAJAK, KEPEMILIKAN INSTITUSIONAL, DAN PROFITABILITAS TERHADAP BIAYA HUTANG (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di BEI Periode 2011-2015)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Elvis Nopriyanti Sherly ◽  
Desi Fitria
Keyword(s):  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Institutional Ownership ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Internal Funds ◽  
The Cost

The purpose of this study is to prove the effect of tax avoidance, institutional ownership, and profitability on cost of debt. The sample consisted of 71 manufactured firms in listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2011-2015 by using a purposive sampling method. The results of the study showed that the tax avoidance had negative effect on cost of debt. The meaning is getting smaller Cash Effective Tax Rate the cost of debt incurred greater. The results of this study also showed that the institutional ownership doesn’t had effect on cost of debt. Furthermore, the result of Return on Assets (ROA) as proxy profitability had a negative effect on cost of debt. The meaning that the higher the profitability of the company then the company will have a high internal funds that can be used in making the use of debt financing is getting smaller which causes the cost of debt also becomes smaller.

scholarly journals Methodology for the economic estimation of the environmental damages caused by land, soil and air pollution in Kenya: a review of previously used methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-120
Author(s):  
Martin Mamboleo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Industrial Activities ◽  
Environmental Damages ◽  
Human Economic Activity ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Cost

Environmental compensation is a form of payment for pollution of nature and the environment and the destruction of land, plants or animals. One of the challenges in ensuring waste management in Kenya is how to measure the negative effect of industrial activities and waste on the environment, economy, and human health. Although the amount of compensation should be established on the basis of the environmental-economic assessment of the appropriate environment, it should also be sufficient to implement measures aimed at restoring, reproducing and improving this environment. Kenya has not yet developed a clear legal framework for compensation for environmental damage even through it has a clear and elaborate Environmental Management and Coordination Act for the protection of the environment. Previous studies on the cost of environmental damage in Kenya have successfully used two methodologies: emergency costs and soil, air, and water pollution. This works examines the essence of these methods, as well as the possibility of their application in assessing the cost of damage to the environment as a result of human economic activity.

scholarly journals Evaluating the economic impact of a preventative seismic legislation in Ecuador

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-340
Author(s):  
Juan Ponce ◽  
Andrés Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Seismic Resistant ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
New Construction ◽  
Inspection Policy ◽  
The Cost

At the end of 2013 a compulsory inspection policy was introduced in Quito-Ecuador to ensure that new buildings complied with seismic resistant design requirements. This policy could affect the economic sector of construction by increasing the cost of buildings. It is in this context that this paper analyses the economic impact of the new construction policy. Given that this policy only applied to the canton of Quito and not to any other canton in Ecuador, the paper creates a synthetic control group on the basis of infrastructure and socio-economic data of the fifteen most heavily populated cantons in the country. The results show a statistically significant and negative impact. In other words, although the new policy succeeded in improving the seismic resistant quality of buildings in the canton of Quito, at the same time it had a negative effect on the per capita gross value added of the construction sector.

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