Modeling Intervention Efficacy for High-Risk Women

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Greenberg ◽  
Michael Hennessy ◽  
Robin MacGowan ◽  
David Celentano ◽  
Virginia Gonzales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
High Risk Women ◽  
Multiple Partners

This study evaluates the effectiveness of two strategies—communication and condom skills training—for increasing condomprotected sex in a sample of 510 high-risk women ages 17 to 61. Baseline and 3- and 6-month postintervention interview data were gathered in three cities participating in a randomized trial of a six-session, group skill-building intervention. This analysis was conducted for the entire sample and for six subgroups categorized by age, single or multiple partners, and history of childhood sexual abuse. The dependent variable was the odds ratio of protected sex acts at each follow-up. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate effects for two intervention pathways. The pathway through condom skills increased the odds of protected sex for the intervention group (χ2 difference = 35, df = 2, p < .05) as well as for all subgroups. The pathways through communication were significant for the intervention group (χ2 difference = 23, df =3, p < .05) but fully effective only for participants under 30 and participants who reported childhood sexual abuse. The effectiveness of both pathways diminished at 6 months. WINGS demonstrates that condom skills training can increase protected sex for a heterogeneous group of women. Further research needs to examine how such skill training translates into use of condoms by male partners. To increase the duration of intervention effects, booster sessions may need to be incorporated.

Exploring Mediators of the Link Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Attempted or Completed Rape in a Mixed Gender College Sample

Partner Abuse ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Vanessa Tirone ◽  
Terasa Lillis ◽  
Jennifer Katz ◽  
Todd Moore
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Attachment Anxiety ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Sexual Revictimization ◽  
Mixed Gender

Research is needed to better understand risk for sexual revictimization following childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Using single and multigroup structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques, we examined (a) whether the relation between CSA and attempted or completed rape was mediated by attachment insecurity (either anxiety or avoidance) and sexual motives and (b) whether these models differed significantly by gender. Sexually active college students (920; 59% women, 84% White, 96% heterosexual) were recruited for an Internet-based self-report cross-sectional survey study. About half (49%) of individuals who experienced CSA also experienced victimization since age 14. Thirty-five percent of women and 18% of men reported rape or attempted rape since age 14. In Model 1 attachment anxiety only partially mediated revictimization for women. In Model 2 attachment avoidance did not mediate revictimization. In both models avoidance motives for sex partially mediated revictimization for women and men but this effect was stronger for men. These findings underscore the importance of conducting sexual revictimization research in mixed-gender samples. Our results suggest that rates of men's victimization may be higher than previously assumed, and evaluating gender differences with modeling techniques may help identify variables (i.e., attachment anxiety) that explain the greater prevalence of sexual assault in adulthood among women.

scholarly journals Stigma as a barrier to addressing childhood trauma in conversation with trauma survivors: A study in the general population

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258782
Author(s):  
Georg Schomerus ◽  
Stephanie Schindler ◽  
Theresia Rechenberg ◽  
Tobias Gfesser ◽  
Hans J. Grabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽  
General Population ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Childhood Physical Abuse ◽  
Negative Stereotypes

Victims of childhood trauma report shame and anticipation of stigma, leading to non-disclosure and avoidance of help. Stigma is potentially aggravating the mental health consequences of childhood trauma. So far there is no comprehensive study examining stigma toward adult survivors of various forms of childhood trauma, and it is unclear whether stigma interferes with reaching out to affected individuals. In a vignette study based on a representative sample of the German general population (N = 1320; 47.7% male) we randomly allocated participants to brief case vignettes pertaining to past childhood sexual/physical abuse or accidents, and adult physical abuse. Stigma was elicited by applying the Social Distance Scale, assessing respondents’ attitudes/stereotypes toward the persons in the vignette and their reluctance to address the specific trauma in conversation. While one aim was to establish the prevalence of stigma toward persons with CT, we hypothesized that attitudes differ according to type of trauma. Of the respondents, 45% indicated they were unlikely to reach out to a victim of childhood sexual abuse, 38% to a victim of childhood physical abuse, 31% to someone reporting a childhood accident and 25% to someone reporting adult physical abuse. Contrary to our expectations, childhood sexual abuse did not consistently elicit more stigma than childhood physical abuse in Krukall-Wallis tests. Equally, childhood interpersonal trauma did not consistently elicit more stigma than childhood accidental trauma. Structural equation modeling revealed social distance as mediator of the relationship between negative stereotypes and reluctance to address childhood trauma in conversation. Our analyses further revealed an ambiguous role of negative stereotypes in addressing childhood trauma in conversation with trauma victims, which has yet to be examined. There is evidence for stigma associated with having survived childhood trauma, which is interfering with offering help.

scholarly journals Clarifying the causal relationship in women between childhood sexual abuse and lifetime major depression

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1213-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kendler ◽  
S. H. Aggen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Variance Explained

BackgroundChildhood sexual abuse (CSA) is strongly associated with risk for major depression (MD) but the degree to which this association is causal remains uncertain.MethodWe applied structural equation modeling using the Mplus program to 1493 longitudinally assessed female twins from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders.ResultsOur model included (i) retrospective self- and co-twin reports on CSA, (ii) major potentially confounding covariates, (iii) assessment of lifetime history of MD at two separate interviews, and (iv) mood-congruent recall (implemented by allowing current depressive symptoms to predict reporting of CSA). In a model with only measurement error, CSA explained 9.6% of MD. Including four key covariates reduced the variance explained to 5.3%, with the largest effects found for parental loss and low parental warmth. Adding the effect of mood-congruent recall to a final well-fitting model reduced the percentage of variance explained in lifetime MD (LTMD) by CSA to 4.4%. In this model, current depressive symptoms significantly predicted recall of CSA.ConclusionsIn a model correcting for measurement error, confounding and the impact of mood-congruent recall, CSA remains substantially associated with the risk for LTMD in women. These findings strongly suggest, but do not prove, that this association is causal, and are consistent with previous results in this sample using a co-twin control design, but also indicate that more than half of the uncorrected CSA–MD association is probably not causal. Traumatic life experiences contribute substantially to the risk for LTMD.

scholarly journals Validity and Internal Consistency of the Preschool-FLAT, a New Tool for the Assessment of Food Literacy in Young Children from the Training-To-Health Project

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2759
Author(s):  
Garden Tabacchi ◽  
Giuseppe Battaglia ◽  
Giuseppe Messina ◽  
Antonio Paoli ◽  
Antonio Palma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Content Validity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Food Literacy ◽  
Health Project

Background: The importance of assessing “food literacy” since youth has been highlighted and, to this purpose, valid and consistent instruments are needed. This study aimed to assess the validity and internal consistency of the preschool-FLAT (Food Literacy Assessment Tool). Methods. 505 children from 21 kindergartens, recruited within the Training-to-Health Project in Palermo (Italy), underwent oral sessions and activities on food-related aspects. Their knowledge/skills were recorded in the preschool-FLAT. The following scale measures were assessed: Content validity; internal consistency (Chronbach’s alpha coefficients); construct validity (Structural Equation Modeling—SEM); discriminant validity (intervention subgroup of 100 children vs. control group of 27 children). Results. Acceptable content validity of a 16-items scale and overall adequate internal consistency were revealed: Content validity index (CVI) 0.94, content validity ratio (CVR) 0.88, Chronbach’s alpha 0.76. The SEM revealed a 4-factor model fitting the data well (comparative fit index 0.939, root mean square error of approximation 0.033). Discriminant validity was good (intervention group scoring higher than control, p < 0.001, unpaired Student’s t-test). Conclusion. The preschool-FLAT revealed good psychometric properties, adequate validity and internal consistency. This is the only instrument in the literature specifically targeted to 3–6 years old children that could be effectively used to assess food literacy.

scholarly journals Leaders’ Image Concerns Is Moderator to Interfere with Leader Career Role and Leader Impression Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Mei-Mei Lin
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Impression Management ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Personal Character ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

<p>There is no same image who displayed out in the world because Leader career roles developed always leans on personal character, but it could describe as each person trend to play some a particular role. However the career role developed by nature and environment, impression management upon nurture education and skill training meanwhile involve with final result so that this work supposes career role would significant influence impression management. Hence image could be control if who would like to mold into a particular image on purpose for achievement. In addition to leaders in organization always have more pressure than employees whether performance or profit especial in such economic hardship. So that this work assumes leader career role significant affect to leader impression management and leaders’ image concerns is moderator to interfere with the relationship of these two aspects. At last this work assays hypotheses successful via structural equation modeling. According to the result, this work looks forward to make industries to clear up management problem and digs out more potential crises.</p>

Group Work Intervention with Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy L. Richter ◽  
Elizabeth Snider ◽  
Kevin M. Gorey
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽  
Group Work ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Waiting List ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Work Intervention ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Closed process groups (15 sessions) cofacilitated by experienced post-MSW female social workers within a generalist problem-solving framework were offered to 115 survivors of childhood sexual abuse. This quasi-experimental study compared group work intervention with a waiting-list comparison group on measures of depression and self-esteem. Survivors who completed the group work intervention (86.6%) were significantly less depressed and had significantly improved self-esteem as compared with their wait-listed counterparts. Consistent across the three outcome measures at immediate posttest, nearly three quarters of the intervention group members' scores were less than the waiting-list group's average score. At 6-month follow-up (75.6% completed), the positive effects tended to be even larger.

scholarly journals Using kaizen to improve employee well-being: Results from two organizational intervention studies

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 966-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrica von Thiele Schwarz ◽  
Karina M Nielsen ◽  
Terese Stenfors-Hayes ◽  
Henna Hasson
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Realist Evaluation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Organizational Interventions ◽  
Participatory Intervention

Participatory intervention approaches that are embedded in existing organizational structures may improve the efficiency and effectiveness of organizational interventions, but concrete tools are lacking. In the present article, we use a realist evaluation approach to explore the role of kaizen, a lean tool for participatory continuous improvement, in improving employee well-being in two cluster-randomized, controlled participatory intervention studies. Case 1 is from the Danish Postal Service, where kaizen boards were used to implement action plans. The results of multi-group structural equation modeling showed that kaizen served as a mechanism that increased the level of awareness of and capacity to manage psychosocial issues, which, in turn, predicted increased job satisfaction and mental health. Case 2 is from a regional hospital in Sweden that integrated occupational health processes with a pre-existing kaizen system. Multi-group structural equation modeling revealed that, in the intervention group, kaizen work predicted better integration of organizational and employee objectives after 12 months, which, in turn, predicted increased job satisfaction and decreased discomfort at 24 months. The findings suggest that participatory and structured problem-solving approaches that are familiar and visual to employees can facilitate organizational interventions.

scholarly journals Predictive Model of High-risk Behaviors in Iranian Male Adolescents Based on Psychological Motivation

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajad Aminimanesh ◽  
Ali Asghar Hayat ◽  
Mostafa Khanzadeh ◽  
Mehdi Taheri
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
High Risk Behaviors ◽  
Male Adolescents

Background: Awareness of people’s motivations for committing high-risk behaviors helps to explain the underlying causes and provides a framework for their use in preventive and therapeutic interventions. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the predictive model of high-risk behaviors in adolescents based on their motivations. Methods: The present research has a correlational design and uses structural equation modeling. The sample included 450 male students selected through a convenience sampling method to complete the Iranian Adolescents’ Risk-taking and Motives for Risk-taking scale. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The results showed that thrill-seeking, calculation, audience control, irresponsibility, and hedonistic motivation had significant relationships with high-risk behaviors. Also, except for attention-seeking, other motivations could significantly contribute to the prediction of high-risk behaviors. Also, the motivations had the strongest impact on alcohol consumption and the minimum impact on smoking. Finally, motivations generally explained 44% of the high-risk behaviors variance. Conclusions: Considering the role of motivations in doing high-risk behaviors, more attention should be given to these factors in preventive and therapeutic interventions.

Pathway to Expectations of Child Functioning Following Sexual Abuse: Caregiver Maltreatment History and Depressive Symptoms

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110435
Author(s):  
Akemi E. Mii ◽  
Kelsey McCoy ◽  
Hannah M. Coffey ◽  
Mary Fran Flood ◽  
and David J. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Predominately White ◽  
Biological Mothers ◽  
Outcomes For Children ◽  
Negative Expectations

Caregiver responses and behaviors often play a significant role in a child’s recovery following child sexual abuse (CSA). Caregiver expectations of their child’s postabuse functioning has been associated with child symptoms, such that negative expectations lead to worse outcomes for the child. Additionally, caregivers who experienced maltreatment in their own childhood may face difficulties providing support to their child after CSA. Caregivers’ own psychological symptoms may influence their expectations for their child’s future functioning following CSA. This study utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the association between caregivers’ childhood maltreatment histories, their expectations for their child’s future functioning following CSA, and the indirect effect of caregiver depressive symptoms on this relationship. Participants were 354 nonoffending caregivers presenting to treatment with their child following CSA disclosure. Caregivers were 23-72 years old ( M = 38.38, SD = 8.02), predominately white, and predominately biological mothers to the youth who were abused. Results indicated that caregivers who experienced maltreatment in childhood were more likely to experience depressive symptoms, which then lead to more negative expectations of their child’s future functioning. As negative expectations are associated with poorer outcomes for children following CSA, increased attention to caregivers’ depressive symptoms in treatment may promote more positive expectations for their child’s postabuse functioning.

scholarly journals Canadian Curling Coaches’ Use of Psychological Skills Training

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle J. Paquette ◽  
Philip Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Psychological Skills ◽  
Psychological Skills Training ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
And Behavior

Multiple conceptual frameworks support the link between coaches’ attitudes and behaviors, and their effect on a variety of athlete outcomes, such as performance, motivation, and athlete self-perceptions. The present study explored the relationships among coaches’ attitudes and behaviors, with respect to psychological skills training (PST), and the beliefs of their athletes. One hundred and fifteen coaches completed PST attitude (SPA-RC-revised) and behavior measures, while 403 athletes completed two perception measures (CCS and SCI). Structural Equation Modeling showed that the proposed relationships were statistically significant, except for the pathway between coaches’ attitudes and their behaviors. Results support the disconnect between coaches’ attitudes and behaviors previously established in PST research, as well as the theoretical links between coaches’ behaviors and athletes’ perceptions (i.e., evaluation of their coach and self-confidence).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document