Social and experiential influences on the development of inheritance concepts

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne M. Williams ◽  
Lesley A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Family Composition ◽  
Pet Ownership ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Environmental Variations

This study explored social and experiential differences in children's (aged 4 to 14 years) concepts of inheritance. The study utilized semi-structured interviews including four tasks that were designed to elicit judgements and explanations about different aspects of inheritance understanding. A variety of social and experiential factors were examined including, gender of participant, family composition, pet ownership, socio-economic status and urban/rural locale. The results indicated strong developmental changes and several social and environmental variations in children's knowledge of inheritance. Children from rural areas and from a higher socio-economic group showed a more sophisticated understanding of inheritance. Other variables including gender, owning a pet and having siblings had less impact on children's understanding of inheritance. Overall, children showed small variations in their inheritance concepts based on differences in experience and background. The precise causes of these differences remains an issue for future research.

Determinants of Maternal Mortality in Rural China

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Li ◽  
M. D. Fottler
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Maternal Care ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
Health Care Facility ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
On The Road

A case-control study of maternal mortality was conducted in selected rural areas of two provinces in China: Henan province, which has a relatively lower socio-economic status and higher maternal mortality rates, and Jiangsu province with higher socio-economic status and lower maternal mortality rates. The major cause of maternal mortality in the two provinces was postpartum hemorrhage and the largest proportion of deaths occurred on the road between the women's home and the health care facility. Results indicate that the expectant mother's socio-economic status, knowledge of maternal care, and the nature and level of maternal care provided all influence rural maternal death rates. However, socio-economic factors were only significant predictors of mortality in the poorer province. Implications for health policy and future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Acculturation, economics and food insecurity among refugees resettled in the USA: a case study of West African refugees

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Hadley ◽  
Ariel Zodhiates ◽  
Daniel W Sellen
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
West African ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
African Refugees ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health And Well Being

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the occurrence and severity of food insecurity, and examine associations between food insecurity and measures of socio-economic status and indicators of acculturation.DesignStructured interviews among a non-probability sample of West African refugees at baseline and 6 months' follow-up.SettingMid-sized city in north-eastern USA.SubjectsOne hundred and one caregivers with children under the age of 5 years and who have been living the USA for fewer than 4 years.ResultsFood insecurity was indicated in approximately half of households (53%). The occurrence of food insecurity was associated with measures of socio-economic status such as income, employment status and participation in the Food Stamp Program (P < 0.05). Measures of acculturation such as difficulty in the shopping environment and language difficulty were also associated with the occurrence and severity of food insecurity, as was time lived in the USA (P < 0.05). Among households who had been in the USA for 1 year or less, food insecurity was indicated in 73%, whereas among households who had been in the USA for at least 3 years food insecurity was indicted in 33%.ConclusionsRefugees are a potentially vulnerable group and our results echo others in suggesting a need for more thorough monitoring of the health and well-being of recently resettled refugees. These results also suggest that reliance on employment as the sole indicator of success in the resettlement process may be too narrow an indicator. Future research should focus on a wider range of measures of health and well-being.

Inequalities in the Regional Distribution of Private Psychiatric Services Provided under Medicare

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony F. Jorm ◽  
Stephen J. Rosenman ◽  
Patricia A. Jacomb
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Psychiatric Services ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Medicare Data ◽  
Consultant Physician ◽  
Using Data

An analysis was carried out on Medicare data to find out if there are inequalities in the geographical distribution of private psychiatric services in Australia. The number of psychiatric services and persons becoming patients per 100,000 population was calculated for each federal electorate for the year 1985/86 and related to social indicators derived from the 1986 census. As a comparison, services provided by consultant physicians were analyzed as well. The data were based on the electorate of the patient rather than the electorate of the practitioner. Consultant psychiatrist services were found to be received more often in high socio-economic status electorates and those with older populations, and less often in rural areas. A similar pattern was found for consultant physician services, although the relationship with socio-economic status was not as strong. Frequent psychiatric consultations of longer duration, which are an indicator of insight psychotherapy, were more common in higher socioeconomic status electorates. A limitation of the Medicare data is that they cover only private services. To overcome this limitation, a supplementary analysis was carried out on the distribution of consultations for mental disorders using data from the National Health Survey. These data confirmed that individuals of high socio-economic status with a mental disorder are more likely to receive specialist treatment.

scholarly journals Interactive relations of gender, residence and social stratification with types of aggression

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
AKM Rezanur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Urban Rural

Attempts were made to examine the interactive relations of gender, residence and social stratification with different types of aggressive behaviour. The independent variables were gender, residence and socio-economic status. Different types of the behaviour include physical, verbal, anger, hostile and indirect aggression. A total of 240 respondents between 13 and 16 years of age constituted the sample of the study. The Measure of Aggressive Behaviour (MAB) was used for data collection. The study utilized a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design consisting of two levels of gender (male/female), two levels of residential background (urban/rural), and three levels of socio-economic status (high/middle/low). The results were computed on each dimension separately using t-tests. The findings revealed interactive relations of gender, residence and social stratification with different types of aggression. Key words: Aggression; antisocial behaviour; gang related violence; autism; attention deficit disorder DOI: 10.3329/jles.v2i2.7500 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 2(2) 67-74, 2007

A sociolinguistic analysis of the use of English loanwords inflected with Arabic morphemes as slang in Amman, Jordan

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (260) ◽  
pp. 155-175
Author(s):  
Aseel Zibin ◽  
Khawlah M. AL-Tkhayneh
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Linguistic Behaviour ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The University ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract This study aims to examine the use of English loanwords inflected with Arabic morphemes by young people in Amman, Jordan. It adopts a quantitative corpus-based approach supported by qualitative data. We collected data from young Facebook male and female users who come from families with different socio-economic status, and we conducted semi-structured interviews with 60 students at the University of Jordan to get more insight into the attitudes of young individuals in Jordan who use these English loanwords, and to account for the reasons that drive these individuals to use them. Data analysis shows that the participants’ gender and socioeconomic status are major factors that affect the use of these loanwords. Data analysis also reveals that these English loanwords could be used as a form of slang by a certain group of young individuals in Amman to claim a specific social identity and an in-group membership that distinguishes them from another group of young individuals who do not use these words. We argued that a number of symbolic values could be attached to the use of English loanwords inflected with Arabic morphemes by that group and analysed the reasons behind such linguistic behaviour.

Adjustment to Retirement: What We Know and What We Need to Know

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Braithwaite ◽  
D. M. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Work Commitment ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Hierarchy Model ◽  
Goal Hierarchy ◽  
Status Occupation

ABSTRACTDifficulty in adjusting to retirement has consistently emerged as a problem for approximately a third of retirees. A body of research has converged on a description of the poor adjuster as one in poor health, with inadequate income, a negative pre-retirement attitude, but with an increased likelihood of adaptation over time. Findings relating to other factors such as socio-economic status, occupation, activity, career fulfilment, job satisfaction and work commitment are far less conclusive, with interpretation hampered by a failure to control for the more well established correlates of retirement adjustment. This paper reviews the empirical work in this field, evaluates the goal hierarchy model and the political economy of old age literature as bases for explaining differences in retirement adjustment, and proposes a theoretical framework for future research which brings these two perspectives together.

Locating the locale of local food: The importance of context, space and social relations

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brídín E. Carroll ◽  
Frances Fahy
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Food System ◽  
Local Food ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractLocalization is one process/outcome that is proffered as key to the ‘grand challenges’ that currently face the food system. Consumers are attributed much agency in this potential transformation, being encouraged from all levels of society to exert their consumer muscle by buying local food. However, due to the social construction of scale it cannot be said that ‘local food’ is a definite entity and consumers understand the term ‘local food’ differently depending on their geographic and social context. As such, the research upon which this paper is based aimed to provide a nuanced understanding of how consumers in the particular spatial and social contexts of urban and rural Ireland understood the concept of ‘local food’. A specific objective was to test the theory that these consumers may have fallen into the ‘local trap’ by unquestioningly associating food from a spatially proximate place with positive characteristics. A three-phase mixed methodology was undertaken with a sample of consumers dwelling in urban and rural areas in both Dublin and Galway, Ireland: 1000 householders were surveyed; 6 focus group discussions took place; and 28 semi-structured interviews were carried out. The results presented in this paper indicate that for most participants in this study, spatial proximity is the main parameter against which the ‘localness’ of food is measured. Also, it was found that participants held multiple meanings of local food and there was a degree of fluidity in their understandings of the term. The results from the case study regions highlight how participants’ understandings of local food changed depending on the food in question and its availability. However, the paper also indicates that as consumers move from one place to another, the meaning of local food becomes highly elastic. The meaning is stretched or contracted according to the perceived availability of food, greater or lesser connections to the local producer community and the relative geographic size of participants’ locations. Our analysis of findings from all three phases of this research revealed a difference in understandings of local food among participants resident in urban and rural areas: participants dwelling in rural areas were more likely than those in urban areas to define local food according to narrower spatial limits. The paper concludes with an overview of the practical and theoretical significance of these results in addressing the current dearth of research exploring the meaning of local food for consumers and suggests avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Socio-economic status and health awareness are associated with choice of cooking oil in Costa Rica

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1214-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uriyoán Colón-Ramos ◽  
Edmond K Kabagambe ◽  
Ana Baylin ◽  
Alberto Ascherio ◽  
Hannia Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Health Awareness ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
History Of

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the socio-economic and lifestyle determinants of cooking oil choice in Costa Rica during the last decade (1994–2004).DesignCross-sectional study. Subjects (total n = 2274) belonged to the control population of a large case–control study; they were recruited yearly. Data about type of oil used for cooking, dietary intake, socio-economic and demographic characteristics were collected.SettingA dietitian visited all subjects and conducted the interviews at their homes; all subjects lived in the Costa Rican central valley region.SubjectsAdult, free-living, rural and urban Costa Ricans with no history of myocardial infarction and physical or mental disability.ResultsThe odds of choosing soybean over palm oil increased significantly each year (P < 0.05) and was determined by high socio-economic status (SES) and variables that suggest health awareness (self-reported history of hypertension, high cholesterol, multivitamin use and intake of green leafy vegetables). The odds of choosing other unsaturated oils, namely corn and sunflower, over soybean oil also increased yearly (P < 0.05) and was associated with the same two factors (high SES and health awareness). Palm oil users remained in the lowest SES tertile and were more likely to live in rural areas. Across all SES tertiles, high health awareness determined the odds of choosing other unsaturated oils over palm oil, and soybean oil (P < 0.05).ConclusionThese data show that, in addition to SES, health awareness is associated with the selection of unsaturated oils over palm oil in a developing country undergoing transition. These data should be considered when targeting nutrition messages and policies that promote better dietary choices.

scholarly journals ‘Active ageing’: a qualitative study in six Caribbean countries

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICK CLOOS ◽  
CAROLINE F. ALLEN ◽  
BEATRIZ E. ALVARADO ◽  
MARIA VICTORIA ZUNZUNEGUI ◽  
DONALD T. SIMEON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Home Care Services ◽  
Active Ageing ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to document the perceptions of elders in six Caribbean countries about ‘active ageing’ and on the basis of their reports to make recommendations to improve their situation. Data were collected principally through 31 focus group discussions conducted in both urban and rural areas. Comparative analysis was carried out of the qualitative information, focusing on three components of ‘active ageing’: health and social services access and use, social support, and economic circumstances. Most of the participants were women, aged 60–79 years, of lower socio-economic status and from urban areas. Large disparities in the responses of Caribbean societies to population ageing were indicated, as well as unequal opportunities to obtain health care and social services, public transport, income and food by both socio-economic status and location. Home-care services are either insufficient or non-existent. Some elders receive social and financial support from relatives while others fear isolation and face deprivation. Social participation varies by place, physical condition, financial situation, association membership, and transport opportunities. Social protection benefits do not provide adequate income and some older people face food insecurity. It was concluded that a comprehensive and multi-sectoral approach using the ‘active ageing’ framework should be implemented to ensure a healthy ageing process.

scholarly journals Rurality and Capital: Educational Expectations and Attainments of Rural, Urban/Rural and Metropolitan youth

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Lesley Andres ◽  
E. Dianne Looker
Keyword(s):  
Community College ◽  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Educational Expectations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Longitudinal Surveys ◽  
Canadian Youth ◽  
College System ◽  
Parental Background ◽  
Urban Rural

This paper uses data from two longitudinal surveys of Canadian youth to examine the effects of rural versus urban/rural and metropolitan residence on young people's educational expectations and attainments. The surveys are based in British Columbia (B.C.) and Nova Scotia (N.S.), two provinces that have very different systems of postsecondary education. B.C. has an articulated system with formal structures which allow students to take the first two years of university study at a community college before transferring to a university. N.S. has no such formal transfer system. Its community college system is not well developed but it has a large number of universities, some of which are in rural areas. The findings show that, in both provinces, students in rural areas have lower expectations and attainments compared to other students, even when parental background, gender and academic stream are controlled. A comparison across provinces shows that rural youth in B.C. are more likely than their N.S. counterparts to pursue postsecondary education, but rural N.S. youth are more likely to have successfully completed a degree program four to five years after high school. Implications of these findings for future research as well as for policy changes in the two provinces are discussed.

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