scholarly journals Pathological Features of Corneal Phospholipidosis in Juvenile White Rabbits Induced by Ocular Instillation of Chloroquine or Amiodarone

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Yamagiwa ◽  
Yoshihiro Takei ◽  
Haruko Koizumi ◽  
Shingo Nemoto ◽  
Masaaki Kurata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Corneal Epithelium ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Corneal Endothelium ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Lamellar Bodies ◽  
Ultrastructural Examination ◽  
Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs ◽  
Amphiphilic Drugs

Cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) can induce phospholipidosis (PLD) in organs/tissues. Several ophthalmic pharmaceuticals containing CADs are marketed and used in children. To investigate the effect of PLD on the developing cornea, chloroquine and amiodarone, which are representative CADs, were applied topically to the eyes of juvenile rabbits, and the effects in juvenile rabbits were compared with those in young adult rabbits. Diffuse corneal cloudiness was observed in chloroquine- and amiodarone-treated eyes. Histopathologically, vacuolation was observed in the corneal epithelium and keratocytes. On ultrastructural examination, these vacuoles contained multilamellar inclusion bodies, which are a characteristic of PLD. The size of the vacuoles in the corneal epithelium was reduced in juveniles compared with young adults. Cytoplasmic lamellar bodies and exocytosis in the corneal endothelium were observed in young adult rabbits but not in juvenile rabbits. This study revealed that topical application of chloroquine or amiodarone induces corneal PLD in juvenile and young adult rabbits. Corneal endothelial changes occurred only in young adult rabbits, but ophthalmological changes were similar between juveniles and young adults. The results of the study suggest that the effects of corneal PLD were similar among age groups based on risk assessment.

scholarly journals Evaluating Opioid Dispensing Rates among Pediatrics and Young Adults based on CURES Data Reporting in California from 2015-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Michael Phan ◽  
Courtney Wong ◽  
Daniel Tomaszewski ◽  
Zeev Kain ◽  
Brooke Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Utilization Review ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Prescription Rates

Background Receipt of opioid prescriptions in pediatric and young adult patients may be a risk factor for future opioid misuse. Data from prescription drug monitoring programs provide insight on outpatient opioid use. In our study, we analyzed the opioid dispensing rates for pediatrics and young adults in California. Methods A secondary analysis was performed from 2015-2019 using Controlled Utilization Review and Evaluation System data. This database provides dispensing data of controlled substances in California. Patients younger than 25 years who were prescribed opiates were analyzed by county. We further divided them into two groups (children: ≤14 years; adolescents and young adult: 15-24 years). Descriptive statistics and heat maps were used to illustrate the trends in opioid usage among different age groups. Results The overall percentages for the number of opioids being dispensed to patients aged <25 years have decreased over the past four years. In 2015, 6 out of 58 counties in California were considered “high-rate” with >2.9% of opioids dispensed to patients younger than 25 years old; in 2019, this number reduced to zero. Patients 25 and older received a higher proportion of opioids compared to younger populations; in 2019, 35.91% of opioids were dispensed to patients 45-64, and 8.92% to patients younger than 25. Conclusion Pediatric opioid prescriptions have declined over the recent years. However, a high degree of variability of prescription rates between demographic counties was noted. More studies are warranted in order to understand this discrepancy in opioid prescribing among pediatric and young adult patients.

scholarly journals Examining Age as a Potential Moderator of Response to Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Vulnerable Populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S49-S55
Author(s):  
Danielle R Davis ◽  
Maria A Parker ◽  
Andrea C Villanti ◽  
Joanna M Streck ◽  
Jeff S Priest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reinforcing Efficacy ◽  
Smoking Topography ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Nicotine Reduction

Abstract Introduction Young adults (aged 18–24 years) have a higher smoking prevalence than younger and older age groups and young adulthood is an important developmental period during which long-term behavior patterns like cigarette smoking are established. The aim of the current study was to examine how young adult smokers with additional vulnerabilities to smoking respond to reduced nicotine content cigarettes. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a double-blind, within-subject experiment conducted with 169 cigarette smokers recruited from populations with comorbid psychiatric conditions or socioeconomic disadvantage assessing acute effects of research cigarettes varying in nicotine content (0.4, 2.4, 5.2, 15.8 mg/g). Participants were dichotomized by chronological age (18–24 vs. ≥25 years). Across 14 laboratory sessions effects of nicotine content were examined on measures of relative reinforcing efficacy (Cigarette Purchase Task [CPT] and Concurrent Choice testing), subjective effects, craving/withdrawal, and smoking topography. Repeated measures analysis of variances were used to examine potential moderating effects of age. Results Young adults exhibited lower demand for reduced nicotine content cigarettes than older adults across three of five CPT indices (ps &lt; .05). No differences by age were observed on other measures of reinforcing efficacy, subjective effects, craving/withdrawal, or smoking topography where effects generally decreased as an orderly function of decreasing nicotine content (ps &lt;.05). Conclusion Overall, these findings suggest that reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes would decrease the addiction potential of cigarette smoking in young adult smokers as much or perhaps more than older adult smokers from populations at increased vulnerability to smoking, addiction, and smoking-related health consequences. Implications Reducing the nicotine content in cigarettes to lower addiction potential of smoking has been proposed as a means to improve overall population health. It is imperative to examine how young adults may respond to a nicotine reduction policy. We saw minimal evidence that age moderates acute response and where there was evidence it was in the direction of reduced nicotine content cigarettes having less addictive potential among young versus older adults (eg, steeper decreases in demand for very low nicotine content cigarettes among young versus older adults). Overall, a nicotine reduction policy has the potential to reduce smoking across age groups.

scholarly journals Cold Turkey and Hot Vapes? A National Study of Young Adult Cigarette Cessation Strategies

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 638-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Lea Watkins ◽  
Johannes Thrul ◽  
Wendy Max ◽  
Pamela M Ling
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
National Study ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Product Substitution ◽  
Intentions To Quit

Abstract Introduction Young adults have high smoking rates and low utilization of evidence-based smoking cessation strategies. We investigated smoking cessation intentions, strategy use, and socioeconomic predictors of strategy use among young adult smokers (age 18–24) and compared patterns with those of older adults (age 25–64). Methods We used a population-based sample from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study of young adult (n = 1,881) and older adult (n = 6,366) established smokers of conventional cigarettes at Wave 1 (2013–2014), who were surveyed at Wave 2 (2014–2015). Simple regression analysis compared intentions to quit between age groups. Among Wave 1 smokers who reported a Wave 2 quit attempt (young adults [YA] n = 748; older adults [OA] n = 2,068), bivariate and multinomial logistic regression estimated differences in use of behavioral support, pharmacotherapy, product substitution, and unassisted quit attempts. Interaction terms estimated age-group differences in relationships between predictors and cessation strategy use. Results Young adults planned to quit on a longer time frame, expressed lower interest in quitting, and were more confident they would be successful, compared with older adults. Young adults were significantly less likely to use pharmacotherapy (adjusted odds ratio: 0.15; confidence interval: 0.09, 0.24; reference: quitting unassisted). Both groups reported using product substitution (YA: 31.6%; OA: 28.5%), primarily with e-cigarettes, more than any evidence-based cessation strategy. Socioeconomic predictors of cessation strategy use did not differ between age groups. Conclusions More research on why young adult smokers underutilize evidence-based cessation support is needed, as are innovative efforts to increase intentions to quit and utilization of cessation assistance. Implications Young adulthood is a key transition time for tobacco use, and early cessation substantially reduces the risk of morbidity and mortality from smoking. In the context of high e-cigarette and polytobacco use, this study finds young adults have significantly less intention to quit than older adults and are less likely to use evidence-based cessation strategies to help quit. Innovative methods are needed to increase young adult intentions to quit and use of evidence-based cessation assistance.

scholarly journals Young adult renal service: Does having a dedicated young adult service make difference to patient outcomes?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Williamson ◽  
Jemma Myton ◽  
Felicity Evison ◽  
Larissa Kerecuk ◽  
Graham Lipkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Renal Transplant ◽  
Chronic Renal Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Missed Appointments ◽  
Clinic Attendance ◽  
Transplant Survival ◽  
Transplant Outcomes ◽  
Adult Service

Abstract Background Young adults with chronic renal disease face the rigours of adolescence alongside the responsibility of safeguarding their own health. They have poorer renal transplant outcomes than other age groups presumed due to non-adherence with medication and clinic attendance. We had set up a Young Adult Service and aimed to understand whether this had reduced distress in young adults and impacted positively on renal transplant survival. Methods Transplant patients aged 16-24 years who had transferred to adult renal services between 2000 and 2006, prior to commencement of a dedicated young adult service, were studied as historical controls. This patient group was compared to the current young adult transplant cohort. Missed appointments, serial renal function and transplant survival was collected. The current young adult cohort were assessed for markers of ‘distress’ and this was correlated with clinic attendance and transplant outcomes. Young adults were surveyed for their opinion of the service. Results Five year transplant survival increased from 65% to 98% concurrent with Young Adult Service commencement. 60% of patients reported distress and this correlated with missed clinic appointments. By offering more appointments to this group and increasing support, neither distress nor missed appointments impacted transplant outcomes despite the high risk in this patient cohort. The service was well received by young adults. Conclusion A dedicated Young Adult Renal Service may protect from poor renal transplant outcomes by providing increased holistic support.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal responses to oats consumption in young adult and elderly rats: digestion, large bowel fermentation and crypt cell proliferation rates

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 567-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Mathers ◽  
Julia Kennard ◽  
O. F. W. James
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Large Bowel ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Crypt Cell ◽  
Distal Intestine ◽  
Crypt Cell Proliferation

The present experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that ageing modifies the gastrointestinal responses to a change in diet composition. Rats of the Wag/Rij strain, either young adult (4 months of age) or elderly (27 months of age), were given a basal semi-purified diet or a diet of similar major nutrient composition containing 500 g oatmeal/kg for 17–18 d. Elderly rats digested the dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) of both diets less well than did their young adult counterparts, with more of this digestion occurring in the distal intestine. The greater flow of OM to the caecum of oats-fed animals was accompanied by significant reductions in caecal pH and increases in caecal total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration which appeared to be independent of age. However, young adults responded to feeding on oats by showing a much larger increase in the molar proportion of butyrate (332%) than did elderly animals (79%). Elderly rats had longer duodenal villi than did young adults but effects of age or diet were not detectable at other sites. With both age-groups oats consumption was associated with significant stimulation of crypt cell proliferation rate (CCPR) in the small intestine and caecum, but for the colon there was a significant reduction in CCPR with oats feeding. A reduced ability of the aged large bowel (LB) to produce butyrate may contribute to the prevelance of LB disorders in the elderly.

Physiological Determinants of Sprint Swimming Performance in Children and Young Adults

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riggs J. Klika ◽  
William G. Thorland
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Force Peak ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Sprint Swimming

The purpose of this study was to identify physiological determinants of sprint (91.4 m) swimming velocity that discriminated between performance levels in male children (n = 12, age = 10.26 ± 1.00) and in young adult (n = 16, age = 19.78 ± 1.61) competitors. Independent variables included stature, arm length, body mass, body density, body fat, muscularity, leg power, and measures taken during swimming, which included arm stroke force, leg kick force, peak oxygen consumption rate, stroke rate, and stroke efficiency. Discriminant analysis revealed that in the children, higher levels of leg-kick force, peak VO2, stroke efficiency, and muscularity were the most potent variables contributing to the classification of the faster swimmers. In the young adults, higher levels of stroke efficiency, body density, and muscularity, served as the significant discriminators of the faster swimmers. When compared across age groups, these results indicated that substantial differences in stroke efficiency and muscularity significantly accounted for higher performance in these children versus young adult sprint swimmers.

Sexual Dimorphism among the Kathmandu University Students Assessed by Anthropometric Studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (05) ◽  
pp. 20469-20472
Author(s):  
Shakya R ◽  
Bhattacharya SC ◽  
Shrestha R
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
University Students ◽  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Crime Detection ◽  
Males And Females

Objectives: To observe the sexual dimorphism among the young adult age group ranging from 18-21 years, of Kathmandu University students by measuring craniofacial circumference and canthal distances. Rationale of the study: These data could be useful for establishing the craniofacial standards and adds an implementation on plastic surgery, crime detection as well as in the industrial field. Method: 300 clinically normal students of Kathmandu University aged between 18-21 years were examined for the study. Fronto-occipital circumference, outer and inner canthal distances were measured. All the parameters were compared between males and females. Result: The cranial circumference as well as the inner and outer canthal distance in males was found to be significantly higher as compared to the females. Conclusion: The results concluded that sexual dimorphism remarkably exists in young adults of Kathmandu University students.

JUVENTUDE, TRABALHO INFORMAL E SAÚDE MENTAL

2020 ◽  
pp. 126-144
Author(s):  
Marina Batista Chaves Azevedo de Souza ◽  
Isabela Aparecida de Oliveira Lussi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Work ◽  
Informal Workers

Estudos apontam que jovens podem exercer trabalhos informais por necessidade não por desejo pessoal, o que pode acarretar impactos negativos na saúde mental. O objetivo do artigo foi apontar abordagens, destacar problemáticas e realizar reflexões sobre juventude, trabalho informal e saúde mental, através do mapeamento de estudos científicos. Realizou-se uma revisão de escopo pelo modelo de Arksey e O’Malley para mapear/sintetizar os estudos. Foram encontrados 51 artigos com a expressão: "informal work" OR "informal workers" OR "informal sector" OR "informal job" OR informality AND "mental health" AND "young adult" OR "young adults" OR young OR youth e 2640 teses e dissertações. Após as exclusões das duplicações, ensaios teóricos, revisões, trabalhos indisponíveis e estudos em que os títulos e resumos não abordavam a temática central, analisou-se 6 artigos científicos e 3 dissertações na íntegra. Os estudos são de anos diversos, a maioria quantitativos e investigam associações entre trabalhos informais/precários/desemprego e sintomas psiquiátricos. Questões geracionais não foram consideradas indicadoras de peculiaridades sobre o assunto nos artigos, mas duas dissertações trouxeram essa discussão. Foram inexistentes artigos que priorizam percepções do trabalhador sobre sua condição de trabalho/saúde, todavia, uma das dissertações analisadas abordou as condições sociais e o trabalho precário como sugestivos a problemas de saúde. Indica-se como necessário realizar reflexões que articulem saúde mental a condições políticas/socioeconômicas, considerando o trabalho como determinante de saúde/doença e a juventude como detentora de idiossincrasias que influenciam nas reflexões sobre o tema.

“I wouldn’t call them Muslims!”: Constructing a Respectable Islam

Numen ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 243-264
Author(s):  
Jonas Otterbeck
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Dominant Discourse ◽  
The Media ◽  
Mainstream Society

This article addresses the understanding of Islam of nine young adult Muslims living in the Malmö and Copenhagen region.1 Throughout the interviews with the young adults, they mark their distance from what they perceive as unacceptable forms of Islamic ideas and practices, labeling these ideas as extremist and inconsistent. They develop discursive techniques of distancing themselves from the mediated Islam of radicals and the often negative rendering of Islam that they encounter in daily life and in the media. By negotiating with the dominant discourse on what a “respectable religion” should look like, the young adults construct a religiosity that shares much of theformprescribed by mainstream society, but is different incontent. The theoretical framework is drawn from the study of sociology of religion and, in particular, from Beverley Skeggs’ theories on respectability (1997).

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