Archaic semisedentary foragers and analytical nodule analysis: The Aught-Six site of Northwestern Colorado

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-197
Author(s):  
Matthew J Landt ◽  
Justin P Williams
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Piceance Basin ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Projectile Point ◽  
Lithic Assemblage

Nodule analysis is designed to highlight the ways in which different lithic sources were utilized and incorporated into the stone tool industries of past societies. In 2008 and 2009, excavations in the Piceance Basin of Northwestern Colorado, an area with local chert and quartzite quarries, provided an opportunity to use a nodule analyses for a Section 106-driven project. The Aught-Six site lithic assemblage suggests that Archaic tool kits in Northwestern Colorado are likely to be heavily reliant on a variety of raw materials found across the region, though Bridger chert nodules were the primary objective pieces for the new tools during the basin house occupation. The results of the analyses not only highlight specific areas of projectile point production, but they also indicate that nodule analysis remains a powerful analytical method for understanding how raw materials are incorporated into the technological systems of semisedentary Archaic foragers.

scholarly journals Camas Daraich:a Mesolithic site at the Point of Sleat, Skye

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Wickham-Jones ◽  
Karen Hardy ◽  
Ann Clarke ◽  
Michael Cressey ◽  
Kevin Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Lithic Assemblage ◽  
The North ◽  
Archaeological Work

The archaeological site of Camas Daraich (on the peninsula of the Point of Sleat, in south-west Skye) was revealed in November 1999 when stone tools were discovered in the upcast from a newly bulldozed track. Excavation took place in May 2000, directed by the authors and under the auspices of Historic Scotland, the Centre for Field Archaeology and the Department of Archaeology, University of Edinburgh. The excavations were small-scale and brief, but they demonstrated the survival of stratified features (scoops and a possible hearth) as well as an assemblage of nearly 5000 flaked lithics, comprising both tools and debris. There was no organic preservation, with the exception of burnt hazelnut shell. The composition of the lithic assemblage suggested that the excavated site was Mesolithic and this was confirmed by the radiocarbon determinations, which place it securely in the mid 7th millennium BC. Surface material suggested that there was evidence for more recent prehistoric (stone-tool-using) activity in the vicinity. Although the archaeological work at Camas Daraich was limited, the site is interesting for several reasons. First, it is one of a growing number of sites in the area with early dates for human settlement (until the mid 1980s dated Mesolithic evidence was lacking in the north of Scotland). Second, the lithic raw materials in use at Camas Daraich connect it firmly to a wider network of sites and provide conclusive evidence for human mobility. Third, further Mesolithic material is likely to survive at Camas Daraich so that the future well-being of the site is an important issue. Fourth, though there was no organic preservation, used pumice was recovered and this is rare on Mesolithic sites. Fifth, the lithics include both narrow-blade tools and conventionally broader/larger pieces and the relationship between these two traditions is still poorly understood in Scottish archaeology. Camas Daraich suggests that they may not be as clearly separated as previously thought.

The certification of the aflatoxin mass fractions in peanut butter

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-289
Author(s):  
G. Buttinger ◽  
S. Harbeck ◽  
R. Josephs
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Combined Uncertainty ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Certified Values

In the context of control activities contamination of food and feed with aflatoxins is a frequently observed non compliance. Pistachios, peanuts and products thereof are particularly affected. The Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements has therefore produced a peanut butter material certified for its aflatoxin mass fractions. This certified reference material (CRM) allows for the evaluation of analytical method performance and the assessment of the comparability of results from different laboratories. The CRM was produced using naturally contaminated raw materials to ensure equivalent behaviour compared to samples routinely encountered. The homogeneity and stability of the CRM were thoroughly tested and certified values were determined in an inter-laboratory study. Furthermore, uncertainties of the certified values were assessed including contributions of the homogeneity, stability and certification studies to the combined uncertainty. This newly prepared CRM allows an assessment of trueness of the analytical method at a concentration level corresponding to the legal limits enforced in the European Union. The material has the following certified properties: aflatoxin B1 1.77±0.29 µg/kg, aflatoxin B2 0.48±0.07 µg/kg, aflatoxin G1 0.9±0.4 µg/kg, aflatoxin G2 0.31±0.12 µg/kg and total aflatoxins, as sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, 3.5±0.5 µg/kg.

scholarly journals A proof of concept for machine learning-based virtual knapping using neural networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordy Didier Orellana Figueroa ◽  
Jonathan Scott Reeves ◽  
Shannon P. McPherron ◽  
Claudio Tennie
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Training Sample ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Surface Information ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Testing Dataset ◽  
Intact Core ◽  
Key Variables

AbstractPrehistoric stone tools are an important source of evidence for the study of human behavioural and cognitive evolution. Archaeologists use insights from the experimental replication of lithics to understand phenomena such as the behaviours and cognitive capacities required to manufacture them. However, such experiments can require large amounts of time and raw materials, and achieving sufficient control of key variables can be difficult. A computer program able to accurately simulate stone tool production would make lithic experimentation faster, more accessible, reproducible, less biased, and may lead to reliable insights into the factors that structure the archaeological record. We present here a proof of concept for a machine learning-based virtual knapping framework capable of quickly and accurately predicting flake removals from 3D cores using a conditional adversarial neural network (CGAN). We programmatically generated a testing dataset of standardised 3D cores with flakes knapped from them. After training, the CGAN accurately predicted the length, volume, width, and shape of these flake removals using the intact core surface information alone. This demonstrates the feasibility of machine learning for investigating lithic production virtually. With a larger training sample and validation against archaeological data, virtual knapping could enable fast, cheap, and highly-reproducible virtual lithic experimentation.

scholarly journals ANALISIS DIFFERENTIAL COST DAN OPPORTUNITY COST DALAM PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN MEMBELI ATAU MEMPRODUKSI SENDIRI PADA INDUSTRI RUMAH PANGGUNG WOLOAN

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romeo Fersi Mongdong ◽  
Jenny Morasa ◽  
Heince Wokas
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Quantitative Result ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Business World ◽  
Differential Costs ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

The business world today is characterized by increasing competition among existing companies. Competition occurs in all sectors of the economy both industry, trade, and services. One of the decisions that must be taken in planning at every alternative is to buy or produce itself a component of raw materials. Differential cost are related to the opportunity cost, which is the differential cost incurred costs as a result of certain decisions while the opportunity cost is the cost incurred when choosing a decision. The purpose of this study to analyze the differential costs and opportunity costs in the decision to buy or produce their own on Industri Rumah Panggung Woloan. The analytical method used is descreptive quantitative. Result of the differential cost analysis showed that the right decisions can be taken by the management company the manufactures its own because getting a hihgter differential gain, compared to buying from outside. While the opportunity cost of the buying raw materials from outside is more profitable, thus producing itself becomes more expensive. Should the leadership Industri Rumah Panggung Woloan produce their own wood from the outside becauseit would be more adventageous, compared to taking wood there are kept alone.

scholarly journals Preliminary Archaeopetrological Study of the Lithic Industry From the l’Hort de la Boquera Rock Shelter (Margalef de Montsant, Tarragona, Spain): Applying Mineralogical and Geochemical Techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Mar Rey-Solé ◽  
Maria Pilar García-Argüelles ◽  
Jordi Nadal ◽  
Xavier Mangado ◽  
Anders Scherstén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Lithic Industry ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry

The l’Hort de la Boquera site is located in the northeastern part of Iberia and its stone tool assemblage includes up to 25,000 flint artefacts. This is the first approach to the analysis of the raw material through an archaeopetrological study. Results were obtained by use of mineralogi¬cal techniques: macroscopic and petrographic analysis, Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Micro-Raman and X-Ray diffraction (XRD); additionally, Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry was applied. It has been possible to discriminate at least four flint categories, the ‘Evaporitic flint type’ (with two local subvarieties – ‘Common evaporitic’ and ‘Garnet’ varieties) that comes from local outcrops of the Ulldemolins Complex, and two flint types that had their origin further afield: the ‘Charophyta flint type’ (coming from the Torrente de Cinca Unit) and the ‘Dark flint type’ (from the La Serra Llarga Formation).These results make this study the most comprehensive analysis of raw materials that has been carried out in the area so far

scholarly journals J.T.A.H. Special Publication #3 Appendix to Cover Art, The Journal of Texas Archeology and History Volume 4 (2017/2018): A Visual Guide to the Archaic Points Found at the Gault Site (41BL323) with Clovis Points for Comparison; including Projectile Point Fact Sheets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Williams
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Projectile Point ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Cover Art ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

Archaeological excavations at the Gault Archaeological Site (41BL323) have revealed an almost complete stratigraphic record of the prehistoric occupation of Central Texas (Collins 2002, 2004). Furthermore, ages obtained from Area 15 of the site confirms good stratigraphic agreement between the diagnostic artifacts, cultural horizons, and stratigraphic units (Rodrigues, et al. 2016; Williams, et al. 2018). This includes some of the earliest evidence for a projectile point technology in North America (Williams, et al. 2018). Like many areas in Central Texas, the combination of water, raw materials, and its position along the Balcones Escarpment provided abundant resources essential to survival. The Gault Archaeological Site has a long history. The site takes its name from a previous landowner, Henry Gault, and the first scientific excavations were conducted there in 1929 under the supervision of J. E. Pearce. In 1990, David Olmstead reported a unique find; an Alibates Clovis point sandwiched between two limestone plaques with engraved geometric designs. This led to a site visit by Dr. Tom Hester and Dr. Michael Collins. This finding was followed in 1997 by the discovery of an extremely fragile mandible of a juvenile mammoth by the Lindsey family. These discoveries prompted the recent archaeological excavations at the site, which began in 1999 and lasted until 2002. As many archaeologists will attest, the most interesting findings came at the very end of the 2002 field season, when archaeologist Sam Gardner exposed cultural material stratigraphically below Clovis in a small test unit. This led to negotiations between Michael Collins and the Lindsey family that resulted in the purchase of the property by Dr. Collins and its donation to the Archaeological Conservancy. Between 2007-2014, Area 15 was excavated to expose the cultural materials below. With the cessation of excavations in 2014, research focuses on reporting these findings and how this early archaeological assemblage in Central Texas is redefining the search for the earliest human occupants of the Americas. The front cover of this issue of the Journal of Texas Archeology and History highlights two specific chronological periods in Texas. Firstly, in each corner you will find interactive 3D scans of four Clovis points that have been recovered from the site (Seldon et al. 2018). In between these, you will find and array of Archaic projectile points that have been recovered from the various excavations conducted between 1999-2002 and 2007-2014. This includes Early Archaic points such as the Hoxie and Martindale; Middle Archaic points including, Kinney and Nolan; and Late Archaic points including Pedernales, Marshall, and Bulverde. Clovis artifacts including, projectile points, blade cores, and diagnostic debitage have been recovered from a total of 9 excavation areas. We will expand on these covers in the future to cover specific research projects currently being undertaken by the Gault School of Archaeological Research staff. The Gault School of Archaeological Research is a non-profit, 501(C)3 charitable organization dedicated to innovative, interdisciplinary research archaeology and education focusing on the earliest peoples in the western hemisphere and their cultural antecedents. The reader is encouraged to “click” around on the various cover images comprising the front and back cover border artwork to find and explore the additional rich content hidden there. Click here to open or download an informative “Appendix to the Cover Art containing this article, descriptive attribute data and a larger image of all projectile points shown on the front and back covers.

scholarly journals Mesolithic and later activity at North Barr River, Morvern

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Gavin MacGregor ◽  
Alistair Beckett ◽  
Ann Clarke ◽  
Nyree Finlay ◽  
David Sneddon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Regional Networks ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Lithic Assemblage ◽  
Forestry Commission

At North Barr River, Morvern, inspection of forestry planting mounds on a raised beach terrace identified a chipped stone assemblage associated with upcast deposits containing charcoal. An archaeological evaluation of the site, funded by Forestry Commission Scotland, sought to better understand the extent and character of this Mesolithic and later prehistoric lithic scatter. The lithic assemblage is predominantly debitage with some microliths and scrapers. The range of raw materials including flint, Rùm bloodstone and baked mudstone highlights wider regional networks. Other elements, including a barbed and tanged arrowhead, belong to later depositional episodes. Two mid-second millennium bc radiocarbon dates were obtained from soil associated with some lithics recovered from a mixed soil beneath colluvial deposits. The chronology of a putative stone bank or revetment is uncertain but the arrangement of stone may also date to the second millennium bc.

scholarly journals Procurement and mobility during the Late Pleistocene: Characterising the stone-tool assemblage of the Picamoixons site (Tarragona, NE Iberian Peninsula)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Soto
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Ne Iberian Peninsula

The Picamoixons site is a rockshelter located in the province of Tarragona (NE Iberian Peninsula). It was object of two rescue campaigns during 1988 and 1993, which led to the recovery of a complete archaeological assemblage, including stone tools as well as faunal and portable art remains that date the occupation to the 14th to 11th millennium BP (calibrated). This study involves a petrographic characterisation of the stone-tool assemblage in order to establish: 1) the procurement areas, 2) the raw materials management strategies and 3) the mobility radius and territorial sizes of the hunter-gatherers groups that occupied the site. The method applied comprises in a multiscale analysis that includes systematic prospection, the petrographic characterisation of geological and archaeological samples, an analysis of the chert types represented in the knapping sequence, and the definition of the mobility axes and areas frequented according to lithic procurement.A petrographic analysis of the chert in the prospected area led to the definition of nine macroscopic varieties related to five types (Vilaplana, Morera, Maset, Vilella and Tossa cherts), related to Lower and Upper Muschelkalk (Triassic), Lutetian, Bartonian (Palaeocene) and Sannonian (Oligocene) deposits.The study of the knapping sequences indicates the main exploitation of Bartonian cherts (Tossa type), and the use of Lutetian cherts (Maset and Morera types) for configuring retouched tools. The exploitation of the remaining raw material types identified is considered sporadic and opportunistic.Defining the procurement areas enabled the mobility radius to be assessed as between 3 and 30 km, highlighting the importance of the fluvial basins as natural movement pathways. The results indicate that the main procurement territory was 16 km2 in area, associable with a forager radius. The most remote procurement distances suggest a maximum exploitation area of 260 km2, defining an intra-regional range. This range presents parallelisms with various contemporaneous hunter-gatherers groups in Western Europe, suggesting a progressive mobility reduction dynamic during the Late Pleistocene-Initial Holocene.

Percussive-Abrasive Stone Tools from Chagyrskaya Cave: Results of Functional Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
M. V. Seletsky ◽  
A. Y. Fedorchenko ◽  
P. V. Chistyakov ◽  
S. V. Markin ◽  
K. A. Kolobova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Lithic Assemblage ◽  
Wear Analysis ◽  
Use Wear ◽  
Experimental Use ◽  
Abrasive Stone ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Reference Samples ◽  
Comprehensive Study

This article presents a comprehensive study of percussive-abrasive active stone tools from Chagyrskaya Cave, using experimental use-wear and statistical methods, supplemented by 3D-modeling. Experiments combined with use- wear analysis allowed us to determine the functions of these tools by comparing the working surfaces and use-wear traces in the Chagyrskaya samples with those in the reference samples. As a result, we identified 19 retouchers, four hammerstones for processing mineral raw materials, and one hammer for splitting bone, which indicates the dominance of secondary processing over primary knapping in the Chagyrskaya lithic assemblage. Using statistical analysis, we traced the differences in the dimensions of the manuports and lithics under study. These artifacts are a promising and underestimated source of information for identifying working operations associated with stone- and bone-processing; moreover, they can provide new data on the functional attribution of sites and the mobility of early hominins.

مكافحة الجرائم الإلكترونية وعقوباتها

2021 ◽  
pp. arabic cover-english cover
Author(s):  
أحمد المرضي ◽  
محمد النذير الزين
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Electronic Crime ◽  
Legal Measure

يتناولُ هذا البحثُ التعريفَ بتقنيةِ المعلوماتِ، وماهية الجريمة الإلكترونية، والأخطار الناجمة عنها وتصنيف المُجْرِمين الإلكترونيين، وتنويع الجرائم المُتعلقة بتقنية المعلومات، والأسباب التي تعزي إلى صعوبةِ الكشفِ عنها، وإيراد نموذجًا للجرائم التقنية وفقًا لأحكام القانون الجنائِيّ الإماراتِيّ والمصرِيّ المُتعلقين بمكافحة جرائم تقنية المعلومات. ويشيرُ البحثُ في إيجازٍ إلى: التعريف بالجريمة، وركنها المادي، وبيان شروط الركن المادي، والركن المعنوي، والعقوبة الأصيلة للجريمة، والعقوبة في صورتها المشددة، والعقوبات البديلة. وينطوي البحثُ أيضًا على الأسس الشرعية المُتضمنة حظر الجرائم الماسة بتقنيةِ المعلوماتِ تبعًا لنصوص القرآن الكريم، والسنة النبوية الشريفة، والقواعد الفقهية القاضية بحظر جرائم الانتحال الإلكتروني. ويشتملُ هذا البحثُ على مُقدمةٍ، وخمسة مباحث، وخاتمةٍ على النحو الآتـي: المبحث الأول الأصل الشرعي في تحريم الجرائم الإلكترونية، والمبحث الثاني تعريفات عامة للجرائم المعلوماتية وتصنيفها، والمبحث الثالث أنواع المجرمين المحترفين في المعلوماتية التقنية، وصعوبة اكتشافهم، والمخاطر الأمنية للإنترنت، والمبحث الرابع نماذج من أحكام القانون الجنائي الإماراتي والمصري في مكافحة الجرائم الإلكترونية، والمبحث الخامس الأدلة الرقمية لإثبات الجرائم الإلكترونية وفقًا للقضاءين الإماراتِيّ والمصرِيّ، ثمَّ جاءَت الخاتمةُ لتحتوي على أهم النتائج والتوصياتِ. By this forgoing paper which bearing the title: Combating Electronic Crimes According to Provisions of Criminal Laws of Emirates and Egypt, It Aims to, Enforcement to principals of shariah Law actualization which intents detterence commission crimes through mechanism of” Amr Bil Maroof and Nahy An Munkar”, actualization to the measures of shariah Law that prevent disobedience and electronic crimes. To explain that application of shariah legal maxims such as: "Al Ghurm Bi Al ghunm" whereby it implies whoever owns illegally as a result of committing an offense on a property of whosever should be suffered a penalty, typically to the legal maxim " La dharar wa La dirar ".(damage should be removed) The research methodology which adopted is the descriptive and analytical methods where the researcher intents to define, explains elements and punishments of the crimes. On the other hand the researcher under took the analytical method where he proceeds comparison between the provisions of the two selective criminal laws of Emirates and Egypt, for the achievement the purpose of identification of the similarity and distinctiveness. The problems that presumed to be settled by this research such as: Are there any legal basis to criminalize electronic crime with reference to shariah law? Are there any legal justifications to enforce punishment of fine on the criminal hackers? What are the dangerous consequences for committing the electronic crimes? What are the negative effects for commission electronic crime on individuals and societies at large, and what are the preventive international standards measure and strategies in this context? Concerning the expected achievements by this research, It will enrich the Islamic Library because a comparative research on this topic is so scarce and limited. It will guide the researchers by exploring a new referencing methods for application shariah law, It provides and exposes the legal measure for combating the electronic crimes by using the techniques of detection the electronic criminals by hiding cameras, intelligent phone thumb prints to enable the police investigative officer to deter, identify and arrest the electronic criminals. In the light of combating the researcher advices government officers’ bankers and others to provide top advanced sophisticated technological systems to protect their computers and account numbers against the expected threads of the electronic offences.

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