scholarly journals Ferrets are valuable models for SARS-CoV-2 research

2022 ◽  
pp. 030098582110710
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz ◽  
Federico Armando ◽  
Tom Schreiner ◽  
Nicole de Buhr ◽  
Veronika Pilchová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Activated Neutrophils ◽  
Inoculation Route

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulted in an ongoing pandemic with millions of deaths worldwide. Infection of humans can be asymptomatic or result in fever, fatigue, dry cough, dyspnea, and acute respiratory distress syndrome with multiorgan failure in severe cases. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is not fully understood, and various models employing different species are currently applied. Ferrets can be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and efficiently transmit the virus to contact animals. In contrast to hamsters, ferrets usually show mild disease and viral replication restricted to the upper airways. Most reports have used the intranasal inoculation route, while the intratracheal infection model is not well characterized. Herein, we present clinical, virological, and pathological data from young ferrets intratracheally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. Infected animals showed no significant clinical signs, and had transient infection with peak viral RNA loads at 4 days postinfection, mild to moderate rhinitis, and pulmonary endothelialitis/vasculitis. Viral antigen was exclusively found in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity, indicating a particular tropism for cells in this location. Viral antigen was associated with epithelial damage and influx of inflammatory cells, including activated neutrophils releasing neutrophil extracellular traps. Scanning electron microscopy of the nasal respiratory mucosa revealed loss of cilia, shedding, and rupture of epithelial cells. The currently established ferret SARS-CoV-2 infection models are comparatively discussed with SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in mink, and the advantages and disadvantages of both species as research models for zoonotic betacoronaviruses are highlighted.

Lens and Anterior Uvea

2022 ◽  
pp. 359-392
Keyword(s):  
Macular Edema ◽  
Anterior Uveitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Intravitreal Triamcinolone ◽  
Keratic Precipitates ◽  
Intravitreal Triamcinolone Injection

This chapter illustrates photos of clinical signs seen in uveitis and interesting cases of lens pathologies. Anterior uveitis is the inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body. Anterior uveitis can be idiopathic, isolated, or associated with systemic diseases. The clinical findings observed in anterior uveitis include keratic precipitates, inflammatory cells and flare in anterior chamber, hypopyon, rarely hyphema, miosis, iris nodules and atrophy, synechiae, and band keratopathy in chronic cases (shown in corneal degenerations chapter). The inflammation in anterior uveitis is almost always immune. Treatment includes steroid eye drops, cycloplegic drops, sub-Tenon steroid injections when cystoid macular edema is present. Chronic macular edema can be treated with intravitreal Triamcinolone injection and Dexamethasone implants. In cases of refractory anterior uveitis or associated immune systemic diseases, immunomodulatory treatment or biologic agents are prescribed.

scholarly journals Lesions and Distribution of Viral Antigen in the Brain of Hamsters Infected With Equine Herpesvirus (EHV)–9, EHV-1 Strain Ab4p, and Zebra-Borne EHV-1

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 691-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagwan El-Habashi ◽  
EL-Shaymaa El-Nahass ◽  
Hoda Abd-Ellatieff ◽  
Asmaa Saleh ◽  
Osama Abas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Cellular Distribution ◽  
Equine Herpesvirus ◽  
Olfactory Pathway ◽  
Cerebral Lesions ◽  
Viral Kinetics ◽  
Neuronal Necrosis ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
The Brain

Encephalitis in hamsters, which was induced by equine herpesvirus (EHV)–9, EHV-1 strain Ab4p, and zebra-borne EHV-1, was investigated and compared to assess viral kinetics and identify the progression and severity of neuropathological findings. Hamsters were inoculated with EHV-9, EHV-1 strain Ab4p, and zebra-borne EHV-1 via the nasal route and euthanized at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours postinoculation (HPI). The inoculated hamsters had mild to severe neurological signs at 60 to 72, 96, and 120 HPI, and the mortality rate was 75%, 0%, and 0% for animals inoculated with EHV-9, EHV-1 strain Ab4p, and zebra-borne EHV-1 viruses, respectively. Inoculated hamsters had varying degrees of rhinitis and lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis, as well as differences in the severity and distribution of cerebral lesions. Furthermore, the cellular distribution of viral antigen depended on the inoculated virus. Neuronal necrosis was widely detected in animals inoculated with EHV-9, while marked perivascular cuffs of infiltrating inflammatory cells and gliosis were detected in animals inoculated with EHV-1 strain Ab4p and zebra-borne EHV-1. In the present study, 3 viruses belonging to the herpesvirus family induced encephalitis after initial propagation in the nasal cavity. These viruses might travel to the brain via the olfactory pathway and/or trigeminal nerve, showing different distributions and severities of neuropathological changes.

scholarly journals Skin signs in acute pancreatitis: a case report

2013 ◽  
pp. 265-268
Author(s):  
Marco Bassi ◽  
Gelorma Belmonte ◽  
Paola Billi ◽  
Angelo Pasquale ◽  
Massimo Reta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Epigastric Pain ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Pancreatic Fluid Collection ◽  
Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage ◽  
Skin Signs

Introduction: Subcutaneous manifestations of severe acute pancreatitis (Cullen’s sign, Gray- Turner’s sign, Fox’s sign, and Bryant’s sign) are often discussed in journals and textbooks, but seldom observed. Although historically associated with acute pancreatitis, these clinical signs have been described in various other conditions associated with retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Case report: We describe the case of a 61-year-old male with no history of alcohol intake, who was admitted for epigastric pain, vomiting, and increasing serum amylase and lipase levels. Five days after admission, ecchymotic skin discoloration was noted over both flanks (Gray-Turner’s sign) and the upper third of the thighs (Fox’s sign). Ten days later, he developed multiorgan failure and was transferred to the ICU for 5 days. Computed tomography revealed a large pancreatic fluid collection, which was subjected to EUS-guided drainage. Cholecystectomy was later performed for persistent obstructive jaundice. After more than 4 months of hospitalization, he died as a result of severe gastrointestinal bleeding. Discussion and conclusions: Skin manifestations of retroperitoneal hemorrhage in a patient with acute pancreatitis indicate a stormy disease course and poor prognosis. The severity of acute pancreatitis is currently estimated with validated scoring systems based on clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings. However, skin signs like the ones discussed above can represent a simple and inexpensive parameter for evaluating the severity and prognosis of this disease.

scholarly journals Comparison of Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Induced Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Lesions Following Intracerebral and Intraspinal Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5134
Author(s):  
Jin ◽  
Leitzen ◽  
Goebbels ◽  
Nave ◽  
Baumgärtner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Axonal Damage ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽  
Theiler’S Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Lesions ◽  
Encephalomyelitis Virus

Hallmarks of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) include spinal cord (SC) inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage occurring approximately 5–8 weeks after classical intracerebral (i.c.) infection. The aim of this study was to elucidate the consequences of intraspinal (i.s.) TMEV infection and a direct comparison of classical i.c. and intraspinal infection. Swiss Jim Lambert (SJL)-mice were i.s. infected with the BeAn strain of TMEV. Clinical investigations including a scoring system and rotarod analysis were performed on a regular basis. Necropsies were performed at 3, 7, 14, 28 and 63 days post infection (dpi) following i.s. and at 4, 7, 14, 28, 56, 98, 147 and 196 dpi following i.c. infection. Serial sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded SC and peripheral nerves (PN) were investigated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry. I.s. infected mice developed clinical signs and a deterioration of motor coordination approximately 12 weeks earlier than i.c. infected animals. SC inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage occurred approximately 6 weeks earlier in i.s. infected animals. Interestingly, i.s. infected mice developed PN lesions, characterized by vacuolation, inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage, which was not seen following i.c. infection. The i.s. infection model offers the advantage of a significantly earlier onset of clinical signs, inflammatory and demyelinating SC lesions and additionally enables the investigation of virus-mediated PN lesions.

scholarly journals Early detection of brainstem herniation using electroencephalography monitoring – case report

BMC Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naresh Mullaguri ◽  
Jonathan M. Beary ◽  
Christopher R. Newey
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Obstructive Hydrocephalus ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Quantitative Electroencephalography ◽  
First Case ◽  
Cerebral Herniation ◽  
Brainstem Herniation ◽  
Injured Patients

Abstract Background Continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) is an important neuromonitoring tool in brain injured patients. It is commonly used for detection of seizure but can also be used to monitor changes in cerebral blood flow. One such event that can cause a change in cerebral blood flow is imminent, cerebral herniation. cEEG monitoring and quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) can be used as neurotelemetry to detect cerebral herniation prior to onset of clinical signs. Case presentation We discuss two cases highlighting the use of cEEG in cerebral herniation accompanied by clinical examination changes. The first case is a patient with multiorgan failure and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Given his coagulopathy status, his ICH expanded. The second case is a patient with intraventricular hemorrhage and worsening obstructive hydrocephalus. In both cases, the cEEG showed increasing regional/lateralized slowing. The Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) showed a decrease in frequencies, worsening asymmetry, decreasing amplitude and increasing burst suppression ratio corresponding with the ongoing herniation. Clinically, these changes on cEEG preceded the bedside neurological changes by up to 1 h. Conclusions The use of cEEG to monitor patients at high risk for herniation syndromes may identify changes earlier than bedside clinical exam. This earlier identification may allow for an earlier opportunity to intervene.

scholarly journals Leukoencephalomalacia in horses associated with immature corn consumption

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Vargas Zillig Echenique ◽  
Pablo Estima-Silva ◽  
Daniela Brayer Pereira ◽  
Lucas Santos Marques ◽  
Luiza Soares Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Column Method ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
Abundant Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
In The Beginning

ABSTRACT: Horse leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) is a disease caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins (fumonisins) produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium that infect corn and/or its byproducts. This disease has been described by ingestion of mature corn with humidity above 15% at temperatures below 20°C. The aim of this paper was to report an outbreak of leukoencephalomalacia in horses fed with immature corn. Two horses out of three showed neurological signs approximately seven days after eating immature corn in its reproductive phase (R2, milky grains). Corn was harvested and administered directly to the animals, with no storage. Deaths occurred approximately 24 hours after the onset of clinical signs. Grossly, there were multifocal dark red to brown areas in the white matter of the telencephalon and hyppocampus and thalamus. Histologically, there was edema and hemorrhage in several areas of the telencephalon white matter, which corresponded to dark red to brown areas observed in the macroscopy. There was also foci of malacia with presence of reactive astrocytes with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and inflammatory cells. Diffuse capillary wall degeneration and endothelial cell swelling were also observed. Two ppm of fumonisin were detected by immunoaffinity column method (VICAM) in the immature corn sample. The water activity in this cereal, when the grain is still milky, is 0.98 and can predispose it to growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi. In the present case, fumonisin was found in milky grains in the beginning of the reproductive phase (R2), which suggested that even immature corn may be infected by Fusarium spp. and should not be administered to horses.

Potential Side Effects of Dendritic Cells Pulsed with Allogenic Melanoma Cell Lysate in Mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Shin-Young Park ◽  
Woo Hyuck Choi ◽  
Yong Bum Kim ◽  
Chang Su Ha ◽  
Hyunah Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Melanoma Cell ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Test Substance ◽  
Tunica Media ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Pulmonary Arteriole

An attempt has been made to investigate the toxicity of cancer immunotherapy based on the dendritic cells pulsed with lysate of allogenic melanoma cell, DM401. Dendritic cells pulsed with lysate of clone M3 were subcutaneously administered once a week eight times to C57BL/6 mice at 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 × 107 cells/kg. No changes attributable to the administration were observed in clinical signs and food and water consumption. The administration induced slight increases in body weights, white blood cells, total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids, and absolute spleen weights, but a slight decrease in albumin/globulin ratio. Microscopic examinations revealed the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung, mainly in the pulmonary arteriole, in which the tunica media thickened, and in the pulmonary alveoli and alveolar space. Thickened tunica media of pulmonary arteriole was observed in both males and females at all selected doses. In addition, the subcutis at the test substance-application site showed inflammation and fibrosis. In conclusion, lung is a target organ of DM401, and most of the changes including the findings in lung are considered as the immunomodulatory functions of dendritic cells.

scholarly journals Combinations of Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Preparations for the Topical Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus Assessed using a Murine Zosteriform Infection Model

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Awan ◽  
J Harmenberg ◽  
O Flink ◽  
HJ Field
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Virus Clearance ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

Recently we have reported a zosteriform murine infection model which employs the adoptive transfer of immune cells (ATI) to recipient infected mice to produce a disease that mimics human recurrent herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease. Mice were infected with HSV-1 by scarification at the lateroventral line of the neck; 2 days later, the mice received immune cells from HSV-1-infected syngeneic mice. Although virus was cleared more quickly from the target tissues of virus replication in recipient mice, ATI resulted in a heightened inflammatory response and delayed healing. This model was used to test the effects of topical formulations containing foscarnet and/or the anti-inflammatory agent, hydrocortisone. Virus clearance and clinical signs, including ear thickness and zosteriform spread of lesions, were studied. Treatment with 3% foscarnet accelerated virus clearance but had little effect on clinical parameters. By contrast, 0.5% hydrocortisone increased the titre and extended the presence of infectious virus for at least 6 days, although the reduction in clinical signs was greater than that obtained with topical foscarnet. Foscarnet in combination with hydrocortisone produced a marked reduction in clinical signs while virus replication was reduced. These results are discussed in relation to the inflammation and discomfort experienced by patients and a possible role for anti-inflammatory formulations in the treatment of HSV reactivation episodes in man.

scholarly journals Inflammation management in ophthalmology: new evidences for cataract surgery and beyond

ABOUTOPEN ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Matteo Piovella ◽  
Teresio Avitabile ◽  
Roberto Bellucci ◽  
Pier Luigi Canonico ◽  
Aldo Caporossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Vasoactive Substances ◽  
Effective Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Chemical Mediators

Inflammation represents the manifestation of the host's vascular and cellular response to tissue damage, hypersensitivity of the immune system or autoimmunity. As soon as the damage is detected, the mechanisms of localization and removal of foreign substances and damaged tissues are triggered. This response is amplified by the activation of inflammatory cells and by the production of chemical mediators derived from arachidonic acid, vasoactive substances and cytokines.At the ocular level, among the different responses implemented by various inflammation mediators, the action of prostaglandins is mainly expressed in three ways: i) change of intraocular pressure; ii) induction of miosis; iii) increase of protein concentration in the aqueous humor.Ocular inflammation may continue long after the cessation of the initial cause and may also lead to serious consequences, including permanent vision reduction. For this reason, it is essential to establish a correct and effective therapeutic strategy, which allows to control inflammation, the symptoms and the clinical signs associated with it.This article therefore deals with therapeutic strategies to control inflammation, with a particular focus on the role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in cataract surgery.

scholarly journals Frequency of co-seropositivities for certain pathogens and their relationship with clinical and histopathological changes and parasite load in dogs infected with Leishmania infantum

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247560
Author(s):  
Valéria da Costa Oliveira ◽  
Artur Augusto Velho Mendes Junior ◽  
Luiz Claudio Ferreira ◽  
Tatiana Machado Quinates Calvet ◽  
Shanna Araujo dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Canine Leishmaniosis ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Histological Changes

In canine leishmaniosis caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, little is known about how co-infections with or co-seropositivities for other pathogens can influence aggravation of this disease. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the frequency of co-infections with or co-seropositivities for certain pathogens in dogs seropositive for L. infantum and their relationship with clinical signs, histological changes and L. infantum load. Sixty-six L. infantum-seropositive dogs were submitted to clinical examination, collection of blood and bone marrow, culling, and necropsy. Antibodies against Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Ehrlichia spp. and Toxoplasma gondii and Dirofilaria immitis antigens were investigated in serum. Samples from different tissues were submitted to histopathology and immunohistochemistry for the detection of Leishmania spp. and T. gondii. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the L. infantum load in spleen samples. For detection of Coxiella burnetii, conventional PCR and nested PCR were performed using bone marrow samples. All 66 dogs tested positive for L. infantum by qPCR and/or culture. Fifty dogs (76%) were co-seropositive for at least one pathogen: T. gondii (59%), Ehrlichia spp., (41%), and Anaplasma spp. (18%). Clinical signs were observed in 15 (94%) dogs monoinfected with L. infantum and in 45 (90%) dogs co-seropositive for certain pathogens. The L. infantum load in spleen and skin did not differ significantly between monoinfected and co-seropositive dogs. The number of inflammatory cells was higher in the spleen, lung and mammary gland of co-seropositive dogs and in the mitral valve of monoinfected dogs. These results suggest that dogs infected with L. infantum and co-seropositive for certain pathogens are common in the region studied. However, co-seropositivities for certain pathogens did not aggravate clinical signs or L. infantum load, although they were associated with a more intense inflammatory reaction in some organs.

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